History of the Atom
... Alpha source shoots alpha rays at Beryllium (Beryllium - Be – atomic number = 4) Beryllium rays are shot at wax Wax ray is formed Charged plates are presented and wax ray gets deflected toward negative plate ...
... Alpha source shoots alpha rays at Beryllium (Beryllium - Be – atomic number = 4) Beryllium rays are shot at wax Wax ray is formed Charged plates are presented and wax ray gets deflected toward negative plate ...
Physics Projects Brochure (Word Document)
... (antineutrinos are formed during radioactive decay), but the flux of antineutrinos is so small that only about three events can be detected each day. Since neutrinos have mass and are so numerous, they likely comprise a significant portion of the universe’s mass. The universe exists as we know it, w ...
... (antineutrinos are formed during radioactive decay), but the flux of antineutrinos is so small that only about three events can be detected each day. Since neutrinos have mass and are so numerous, they likely comprise a significant portion of the universe’s mass. The universe exists as we know it, w ...
ppt
... similar to elemental abundances observed in their environment, suggesting that they have been accelerated from interstellar matter. The main difference is that the valleys are ...
... similar to elemental abundances observed in their environment, suggesting that they have been accelerated from interstellar matter. The main difference is that the valleys are ...
Cosmic Rays 3 - zainab
... positive ion. The electron is soon captured, either by another gas molecule turning it into a negative ion, or it may find an already ionized positive ion and neutralize it (this is called recombination). There is a balance between ionization and recombination, and so there is a fairly constant dens ...
... positive ion. The electron is soon captured, either by another gas molecule turning it into a negative ion, or it may find an already ionized positive ion and neutralize it (this is called recombination). There is a balance between ionization and recombination, and so there is a fairly constant dens ...
talk - INFN Bologna
... AIM: Search, at high altitude, of MM and other massive particles with high dE/dx (nuclearites) in Cosmic Radiation. Detector: 400 m2 of nuclear track detectors (24cmx24cm CR39 and Makrofol) ...
... AIM: Search, at high altitude, of MM and other massive particles with high dE/dx (nuclearites) in Cosmic Radiation. Detector: 400 m2 of nuclear track detectors (24cmx24cm CR39 and Makrofol) ...
Propagation and Acceleration of High-Energy Cosmic
... especially in relation to a somewhat different version put forward by Venya Berezinsky later in the week. (i) The basic simplicity of Fermi’s acceleration mechanism certainly was not made clear in the notes. Consider just a single encounter of a charged particle with an approaching plasma cloud, ins ...
... especially in relation to a somewhat different version put forward by Venya Berezinsky later in the week. (i) The basic simplicity of Fermi’s acceleration mechanism certainly was not made clear in the notes. Consider just a single encounter of a charged particle with an approaching plasma cloud, ins ...
What`s common these things
... elementary particles, the fundamental building blocks of the universe there are different molecules there are different atoms ...but the electrons are the same there are different nuclei The same protons and neutrons made of Quarks Then we bring something of a star or a flower inside us! The Standar ...
... elementary particles, the fundamental building blocks of the universe there are different molecules there are different atoms ...but the electrons are the same there are different nuclei The same protons and neutrons made of Quarks Then we bring something of a star or a flower inside us! The Standar ...
Standard Model history (2008)
... atom = nucleus surrounded by electrons (Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford, 1906 -1911) hydrogen nucleus = proton, is component of all nuclei (1920) neutron (Bothe, Becker, Joliot-Curie, Chadwick, ...
... atom = nucleus surrounded by electrons (Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford, 1906 -1911) hydrogen nucleus = proton, is component of all nuclei (1920) neutron (Bothe, Becker, Joliot-Curie, Chadwick, ...
PPT Slides
... • The Big Bang began with a burst of nearexponential expansion: cosmic inflation • Quantum mechanical fluctuations in energy made ripples in the gasAnimation ...
... • The Big Bang began with a burst of nearexponential expansion: cosmic inflation • Quantum mechanical fluctuations in energy made ripples in the gasAnimation ...
In the 1920s and 1930s, Marietta Blau developed the method of
... radiation in the Hafelekar cosmic ray observatory (2290 m above sea level) for five month. As reference, similar plates have been placed in the Vienna Radium Institute (170 m). On the plates exposed at higher altitudes, Blau and Wambacher discovered a number of star-shaped structures originating fro ...
... radiation in the Hafelekar cosmic ray observatory (2290 m above sea level) for five month. As reference, similar plates have been placed in the Vienna Radium Institute (170 m). On the plates exposed at higher altitudes, Blau and Wambacher discovered a number of star-shaped structures originating fro ...
Dark Matter and Its Direct Detection
... PAMELA and ATIC observations suggest the presence of a relatively local (within ∼1 kpc) source or sources of energetic cosmic ray electrons and positrons. WMAP experiment has revealed an excess of microwave emission from the central region of the Milky Way which has been interpreted as synchrotron e ...
... PAMELA and ATIC observations suggest the presence of a relatively local (within ∼1 kpc) source or sources of energetic cosmic ray electrons and positrons. WMAP experiment has revealed an excess of microwave emission from the central region of the Milky Way which has been interpreted as synchrotron e ...
Does the Sun affect the Earth`s climate?
... idea was to use a beam of accelerated particles to simulate the cosmic rays, and to look for aerosols produced in a reaction chamber containing air and trace gases. The temperature and pressure would be adjustable to simulate conditions at different levels in the atmosphere. Kirkby assembled a conso ...
... idea was to use a beam of accelerated particles to simulate the cosmic rays, and to look for aerosols produced in a reaction chamber containing air and trace gases. The temperature and pressure would be adjustable to simulate conditions at different levels in the atmosphere. Kirkby assembled a conso ...
neuroaesthetics, neurological disorders and creativity
... Our planet is continuously bombarded by cosmic rays made of protons and atomic nuclei which are emitted from throughout our galaxy. These particles can be accelerated to very high energies when they encounter gases in expansion as produced by super-novae. They are confined within the galaxy by the g ...
... Our planet is continuously bombarded by cosmic rays made of protons and atomic nuclei which are emitted from throughout our galaxy. These particles can be accelerated to very high energies when they encounter gases in expansion as produced by super-novae. They are confined within the galaxy by the g ...
Poster
... data to be confronted with. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer project aims at improving this situation by providing a large area, high resolution spectrometer to be exposed to cosmic rays over a long observation period on the International Space Station. For test and space qualification purposes, a pr ...
... data to be confronted with. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer project aims at improving this situation by providing a large area, high resolution spectrometer to be exposed to cosmic rays over a long observation period on the International Space Station. For test and space qualification purposes, a pr ...
COSMIC RAY ACCELERATION and TRANSPORT LECTURE I
... and taking D(E)~(r/3GV)d where r is the rigidity: ...
... and taking D(E)~(r/3GV)d where r is the rigidity: ...
Alessandro Bettini Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics
... There is a large difference between an electron and proton accelerator: electrons emit synchrotron radiation (SR) when they bend. For a 10 GeV/c electron in a 1 km radius ring, the SR loss is about 1 MeV/turn. ...
... There is a large difference between an electron and proton accelerator: electrons emit synchrotron radiation (SR) when they bend. For a 10 GeV/c electron in a 1 km radius ring, the SR loss is about 1 MeV/turn. ...
Cosmic Rays and Climate
... Understanding the cosmic ray climate link could have large implications in our understanding of climate changes and possible evolution on Earth. The evolution of the Milky Way and the Earth is linked ...
... Understanding the cosmic ray climate link could have large implications in our understanding of climate changes and possible evolution on Earth. The evolution of the Milky Way and the Earth is linked ...
Cosmic Rays
... Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) come from outside the solar system but generally from within our Milky Way galaxy. GCRs are atomic nuclei from which all of the surrounding electrons have been stripped away during their high-speed passage through the galaxy. They have probably been accelerated within ...
... Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) come from outside the solar system but generally from within our Milky Way galaxy. GCRs are atomic nuclei from which all of the surrounding electrons have been stripped away during their high-speed passage through the galaxy. They have probably been accelerated within ...
A search for ultra-high-energy gamma rays at the South Pole
... In the same year that Amundsen reached the South Pole, an Austrian physicist, Victor Hess, discovered that the outer layers of the Earth's atmosphere are continuously being bombarded by a rain of charged particles called cosmic rays. In yet another of many attempts which have been made in the ensuin ...
... In the same year that Amundsen reached the South Pole, an Austrian physicist, Victor Hess, discovered that the outer layers of the Earth's atmosphere are continuously being bombarded by a rain of charged particles called cosmic rays. In yet another of many attempts which have been made in the ensuin ...
Cosmic Rays and Plasma Astrophysics
... (energetic electrons) were more penetrating. Villard identified an even more penetrating radiation known as -rays, which are high-energy photons. Cosmic rays were discovered when experimenters measured the radioactivity at higher altitudes in order to avoid contamination by the natural radioactivit ...
... (energetic electrons) were more penetrating. Villard identified an even more penetrating radiation known as -rays, which are high-energy photons. Cosmic rays were discovered when experimenters measured the radioactivity at higher altitudes in order to avoid contamination by the natural radioactivit ...
The Transport of Cosmic Rays
... • I will concentrate on energies significantly lower than 1 TeV, as the effects of the heliosphere at 1 TeV are smaller (but still significant). • The gyro-radius of a 1 TeV proton in the interstellar magnetic field is ~ 74 AU, which is signifiantly smaller than the heliosphere. • The interstella ...
... • I will concentrate on energies significantly lower than 1 TeV, as the effects of the heliosphere at 1 TeV are smaller (but still significant). • The gyro-radius of a 1 TeV proton in the interstellar magnetic field is ~ 74 AU, which is signifiantly smaller than the heliosphere. • The interstella ...
Particle Physics at Soudan - Soudan Underground Laboratory
... Soudan Underground Laboratory, and understand what you may learn here. Have fun with them, and we look forward to seeing you! (edited by Steve Pullar August 2008) ...
... Soudan Underground Laboratory, and understand what you may learn here. Have fun with them, and we look forward to seeing you! (edited by Steve Pullar August 2008) ...
Particle Physics at Soudan These questions will help you prepare
... Soudan Underground Laboratory, and understand what you may learn here. Have fun with them, and we look forward to seeing you! (edited by Steve Pullar August 2008) ...
... Soudan Underground Laboratory, and understand what you may learn here. Have fun with them, and we look forward to seeing you! (edited by Steve Pullar August 2008) ...
Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface. Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) has been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays.The term ray is a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation. In common scientific usage high-energy particles with intrinsic mass are known as ""cosmic"" rays, and photons, which are quanta of electromagnetic radiation (and so have no intrinsic mass) are known by their common names, such as ""gamma rays"" or ""X-rays"", depending on their origin.Cosmic rays attract great interest practically, due to the damage they inflict on microelectronics and life outside the protection of an atmosphere and magnetic field, and scientifically, because the energies of the most energetic ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) have been observed to approach 3 × 1020 eV, about 40 million times the energy of particles accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider. One can show that such enormous energies might be achieved by means of the Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in Active galactic nuclei. At 50 J, the highest-energy ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have energies comparable to the kinetic energy of a 90-kilometre-per-hour (56 mph) baseball. As a result of these discoveries, there has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies. Most cosmic rays, however, do not have such extreme energies; the energy distribution of cosmic rays peaks at 0.3 gigaelectronvolts (4.8×10−11 J).Of primary cosmic rays, which originate outside of Earth's atmosphere, about 99% are the nuclei (stripped of their electron shells) of well-known atoms, and about 1% are solitary electrons (similar to beta particles). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons, i. e. hydrogen nuclei; 9% are alpha particles, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements, called HZE ions. A very small fraction are stable particles of antimatter, such as positrons or antiprotons. The precise nature of this remaining fraction is an area of active research. An active search from Earth orbit for anti-alpha particles has failed to detect them.