PowerPoint-Präsentation - Max-Planck
... absorbed long before they reach the ground. They are therefore often studied with instruments on satellites orbiting the earth, which detect the gamma rays before they enter the atmosphere. However, the most interesting very-high-energy gamma rays are so rare that it would take an impossibly large s ...
... absorbed long before they reach the ground. They are therefore often studied with instruments on satellites orbiting the earth, which detect the gamma rays before they enter the atmosphere. However, the most interesting very-high-energy gamma rays are so rare that it would take an impossibly large s ...
Inside A Particle Physicist`s Toolbox
... Let’s say we want 1. to observe a specific particle track 2. not a random noise hit 3. passing from a specific direction or 4. with some flight time We do this by forming an trigger. A trigger is defined by a series of pulses or hits in our detectors in a restricted time interval ...
... Let’s say we want 1. to observe a specific particle track 2. not a random noise hit 3. passing from a specific direction or 4. with some flight time We do this by forming an trigger. A trigger is defined by a series of pulses or hits in our detectors in a restricted time interval ...
Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges
... Low cloud amount (orange) from figure 3, is scaled and normalized to observational cosmic-ray data from Climax (red) for the period 1953 to ...
... Low cloud amount (orange) from figure 3, is scaled and normalized to observational cosmic-ray data from Climax (red) for the period 1953 to ...
Ionizing particle fluxes in the near
... predict lower fluxes. To some extent, it may be explained by a contribution of natural radioactivity in the charged particle flux and by cosmic ray albedo due to transition effect between the air and an underlying surface. This work based on the results of observations tries to separate contributions ...
... predict lower fluxes. To some extent, it may be explained by a contribution of natural radioactivity in the charged particle flux and by cosmic ray albedo due to transition effect between the air and an underlying surface. This work based on the results of observations tries to separate contributions ...
Pertti Mäkelä The Catholic University of America
... CR particles propagate with relativistic speeds: (E is the kinetic energy, E0 the restmass energy (proton=938.28 MeV), Z the atomic number and A the mass number of the particle) ...
... CR particles propagate with relativistic speeds: (E is the kinetic energy, E0 the restmass energy (proton=938.28 MeV), Z the atomic number and A the mass number of the particle) ...
Cosmic Extremes
... When a cosmic ray enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it eventually smashes into a nitrogen or oxygen atom in the air. This collision causes a chain reaction in which the broken bits of the atom move on to break apart other atoms and so on. The result is an air shower of particles in the atmosphere. Most ...
... When a cosmic ray enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it eventually smashes into a nitrogen or oxygen atom in the air. This collision causes a chain reaction in which the broken bits of the atom move on to break apart other atoms and so on. The result is an air shower of particles in the atmosphere. Most ...
Printable PDF version - Laboratoire Leprince
... An international team of astrophysicists using telescopes on the ground and in space have uncovered surprising changes in radiation emitted by an active galaxy. The picture that emerges from these first-ever simultaneous observations in visible light, X-rays and gamma rays is much more complex than ...
... An international team of astrophysicists using telescopes on the ground and in space have uncovered surprising changes in radiation emitted by an active galaxy. The picture that emerges from these first-ever simultaneous observations in visible light, X-rays and gamma rays is much more complex than ...
The Transient Radio Sky Astrophysical and Artificial
... • ISAC-run three year process: Quantified ‘experiments’ for future large area cm telescopes • 50 chapters, 90 authors, 25% theorists ...
... • ISAC-run three year process: Quantified ‘experiments’ for future large area cm telescopes • 50 chapters, 90 authors, 25% theorists ...
Energy distribution of cosmic rays in the Earth`s atmosphere and
... Cosmic rays penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere and may affect electronic devices, especially in aircrafts flying above 10 km. In fact, electronic devices may behave strangely under the influence. Nowadays, electronic devises are made using nanotechnology. A small number of high-energy particles may dama ...
... Cosmic rays penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere and may affect electronic devices, especially in aircrafts flying above 10 km. In fact, electronic devices may behave strangely under the influence. Nowadays, electronic devises are made using nanotechnology. A small number of high-energy particles may dama ...
The Extreme Universe of Gamma-ray Astronomy
... millions to billions times the mass of our Sun HST/NGC 4261 ...
... millions to billions times the mass of our Sun HST/NGC 4261 ...
ANTARES: a deep-sea neutrino telescope
... Last but not least, as recent history has shown, astrophysics experiments allow sometimes to explore domains of physical quantities out of reach of accelerator borne experiments: by studying the fluxes of atmospheric neutrinos, the Super-Kamiokande and the Macro experiments have been able to test ve ...
... Last but not least, as recent history has shown, astrophysics experiments allow sometimes to explore domains of physical quantities out of reach of accelerator borne experiments: by studying the fluxes of atmospheric neutrinos, the Super-Kamiokande and the Macro experiments have been able to test ve ...
Lecture 1
... 1951: Detection of 21cm line by Ewen & Purcell using home-build radio detector. Beat Oort & Muller to it. HI is seen everywhere in the sky. 1954: First maps of the HI distribution in the Milky Way by Hulst, Muller & Oort. The Galactic disk is estimated to contain 5ₒ109M⊙ of atomic gas (ca. 10% of th ...
... 1951: Detection of 21cm line by Ewen & Purcell using home-build radio detector. Beat Oort & Muller to it. HI is seen everywhere in the sky. 1954: First maps of the HI distribution in the Milky Way by Hulst, Muller & Oort. The Galactic disk is estimated to contain 5ₒ109M⊙ of atomic gas (ca. 10% of th ...
Document
... • The Poynting vector allows us to determine the direction of energy flow. • The direction of this energy flow can be indicated by a ray • The rays are drawn as straight lines that are perpendicular to the wave front. • Geometrical optics is concerned with the study of the behaviour of these rays at ...
... • The Poynting vector allows us to determine the direction of energy flow. • The direction of this energy flow can be indicated by a ray • The rays are drawn as straight lines that are perpendicular to the wave front. • Geometrical optics is concerned with the study of the behaviour of these rays at ...
Cosmic Rays and Particle Acceleration - Harvard
... Particle astrophysicists have made progress on all of these questions but much work remains ...
... Particle astrophysicists have made progress on all of these questions but much work remains ...
Document
... tCR~107 yr, LCR ~ uCR Vgal / tCR ~ 1041 erg/sec, is ~10% of the kinetic energy rate of galactic supernovae. However, there are still problems with this standard interpretation: Upper limits on -ray fluxes from supernova remnants are below predictions from interactions of accelerated cosmic rays wit ...
... tCR~107 yr, LCR ~ uCR Vgal / tCR ~ 1041 erg/sec, is ~10% of the kinetic energy rate of galactic supernovae. However, there are still problems with this standard interpretation: Upper limits on -ray fluxes from supernova remnants are below predictions from interactions of accelerated cosmic rays wit ...
CHAPTER 3: The Experimental Basis of Quantum Theory
... generated from one of the metal plates in an evacuated tube across which a large electric potential had been established. It was surmised that cathode rays had something to do with atoms. It was known that cathode rays could penetrate matter and their properties were under intense investigation duri ...
... generated from one of the metal plates in an evacuated tube across which a large electric potential had been established. It was surmised that cathode rays had something to do with atoms. It was known that cathode rays could penetrate matter and their properties were under intense investigation duri ...
What does a spark chamber detect?
... causes ionisation along its path, locally decreasing the electrical resistance. 4: A length of cable is used to delay the signal from discriminator 1 by the time taken for the cosmic-ray particle to travel between scintillator 1 and scintillator 2. 5: When the coincidence unit records signals arrivi ...
... causes ionisation along its path, locally decreasing the electrical resistance. 4: A length of cable is used to delay the signal from discriminator 1 by the time taken for the cosmic-ray particle to travel between scintillator 1 and scintillator 2. 5: When the coincidence unit records signals arrivi ...
THE THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOME COSMIC RAYS
... provides a rich array of material of exploring both the discovery of the cosmic radiation and how the primaries and the secondary particles are able to reach sea – level. The primary cosmic rays (as electrons, protons, neutrons, and nuclei such as Helium, Carbon, Oxygen, Iron) interacts with the int ...
... provides a rich array of material of exploring both the discovery of the cosmic radiation and how the primaries and the secondary particles are able to reach sea – level. The primary cosmic rays (as electrons, protons, neutrons, and nuclei such as Helium, Carbon, Oxygen, Iron) interacts with the int ...
SUPERNOVAE A. Supernovae.-Several years ago, Baade andI
... 1 W. Baade and F. Zwicky, these PROCEEDINGS, 20, 254 (1934); and 20, 259 (1934). 2 F. Zwicky, Publ. Astr. Soc. Pacific, 50, 215 (1938); and 51, 36 (1939). ...
... 1 W. Baade and F. Zwicky, these PROCEEDINGS, 20, 254 (1934); and 20, 259 (1934). 2 F. Zwicky, Publ. Astr. Soc. Pacific, 50, 215 (1938); and 51, 36 (1939). ...
talk29102009
... Dark Energy is characterised by its equation of state, w w = -1 for the cosmological constant ...
... Dark Energy is characterised by its equation of state, w w = -1 for the cosmological constant ...
Cosmic Radiation
... full of very small charged particles speeding in all directions. The situation can be compared to the Earth having to constantly travel in a light shower of rain and with the atmosphere acting like an umbrella. The 'rain' is made up of charged particles called 'Cosmic Rays'. The name cosmic ray was ...
... full of very small charged particles speeding in all directions. The situation can be compared to the Earth having to constantly travel in a light shower of rain and with the atmosphere acting like an umbrella. The 'rain' is made up of charged particles called 'Cosmic Rays'. The name cosmic ray was ...
State one piece of evidence supporting the wave model of light and
... c. the greatest energy Ans: cosmic rays ( “ “ ) d. the least energy Ans: radio waves 5. You and a friend are looking at the stars and you notice two stars close together, one is bright the other is fairly dim. Your friend comments that the bright star must emit much more ligh than the dimmer star. I ...
... c. the greatest energy Ans: cosmic rays ( “ “ ) d. the least energy Ans: radio waves 5. You and a friend are looking at the stars and you notice two stars close together, one is bright the other is fairly dim. Your friend comments that the bright star must emit much more ligh than the dimmer star. I ...
Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface. Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) has been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays.The term ray is a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation. In common scientific usage high-energy particles with intrinsic mass are known as ""cosmic"" rays, and photons, which are quanta of electromagnetic radiation (and so have no intrinsic mass) are known by their common names, such as ""gamma rays"" or ""X-rays"", depending on their origin.Cosmic rays attract great interest practically, due to the damage they inflict on microelectronics and life outside the protection of an atmosphere and magnetic field, and scientifically, because the energies of the most energetic ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) have been observed to approach 3 × 1020 eV, about 40 million times the energy of particles accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider. One can show that such enormous energies might be achieved by means of the Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in Active galactic nuclei. At 50 J, the highest-energy ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have energies comparable to the kinetic energy of a 90-kilometre-per-hour (56 mph) baseball. As a result of these discoveries, there has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies. Most cosmic rays, however, do not have such extreme energies; the energy distribution of cosmic rays peaks at 0.3 gigaelectronvolts (4.8×10−11 J).Of primary cosmic rays, which originate outside of Earth's atmosphere, about 99% are the nuclei (stripped of their electron shells) of well-known atoms, and about 1% are solitary electrons (similar to beta particles). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons, i. e. hydrogen nuclei; 9% are alpha particles, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements, called HZE ions. A very small fraction are stable particles of antimatter, such as positrons or antiprotons. The precise nature of this remaining fraction is an area of active research. An active search from Earth orbit for anti-alpha particles has failed to detect them.