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1) For a couple of decades, biologists knew the
1) For a couple of decades, biologists knew the

... C) the stimulation of translation by initiation factors. D) post-translational control that activates certain proteins. E) a eukaryotic equivalent of prokaryotic promoter functioning. 42) Steroid hormones produce their effects in cells by A) activating key enzymes in metabolic pathways. B) activati ...
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course: bio 201

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Making Recombinant DNA

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THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE

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Intro, show Jurassic Park, relate to all other units, Discuss history
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Biology Final Review
Biology Final Review

... _____12. Which of the following is not true regarding Mendel’s research in genetics? a. he was the first scientist to discover DNA and used this knowledge for his pea plant experiments. b. he produced true breeding or pure lines of pea plants that he used in his breeding experiments c. he was the f ...
Class - Educast
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Bacterial Transformation with (pGLO Plasmid)

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Recombinant DNA - Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
Recombinant DNA - Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation

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The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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File - Science with Mrs. Levin

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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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