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011 Chapter 11 Microbial Genetics: Gene Structure Replication amp
011 Chapter 11 Microbial Genetics: Gene Structure Replication amp

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...  Adequate amount of normal Hb (A) in red blood cells  RBC remain flexible  Carrier  Do Not have the symptoms of the sickle cell  Heterozygous advantage (HbA HbS) ...
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recBCD

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Cellular Reproduction - Genomic DNA

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Important Genetic Disorders

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Making LB Plates 10g Bacto Tryptone 5g Yeast Extract 10g NaCl 7.5

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DISEASE GENETICS DEFICIENCY EPIDEMIOLOGY SYMPTOMS TREATMENT Sickle

... Hb Bart (Hydrops Fetalis Syndrome): loss of all 4 α31 amino acids more than globin alleles, causing an off-balance of γ-globin with a normal high affinity for O2 which cannot be released to the fetal tissues HbH: loss of 3 α-globin alleles, causing an off-balance of β-globin that precipitate in RBCs ...
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Mutated DNA

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Restriction enzymes

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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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