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Communication_files/Bad Presentation #3

... Escherichia coli ...
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221_exam_2_2002

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... A. genomes of different individuals are even more similar than previously thought B. genomes of different individuals display greater diversity than previously thought. C. the number of different human genes is greater than 50,000 D. the human and dog genomes are virtually identical. ...
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Biology 303 EXAM II 3/14/00 NAME
Biology 303 EXAM II 3/14/00 NAME

... A. alteration of chromatin structure in association with transcription. B. a process that only bacteria perform since they contain no nucleus. C. a process that is exclusively associated with transcription by RNA polymerase III in eukaryotes. D. alteration in chromatin structure to facilitate loadin ...
Name_______________________ Period___________ Chapter
Name_______________________ Period___________ Chapter

... What are genetically modified organisms, and why are they controversial? An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. Advocates of cautious approach toward GM crops fear that transgenic plants might pass their new genes to close relatives ...
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... What are genetically modified organisms, and why are they controversial? An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. Advocates of cautious approach toward GM crops fear that transgenic plants might pass their new genes to close relatives ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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