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Transcription and Translation Review Lesson Plan
Transcription and Translation Review Lesson Plan

... Explain how genetic combinations produce visible effects and variations among visible features and cellular functions of organisms. ...
Chapter 19 - Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at Oklahoma
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... histone proteins around DNA, not directly targeted at DNA. Can have either activating or repressing effects on gene expression. ...
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... as operons. Operons are transcribed from a single promoter and usually contain genes that participate in a common process such as synthesis of tryptophan, e.g., the trp operon of E. coli (Fig. 4.13a). The trp operon mRNA is polycistronic and encodes 5 different proteins. Each cistron coding sequence ...
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... Suppose that a gene for growth hormone is discovered in cats. If a drug company wanted to mass-produce the hormone by cloning the gene into bacteria, what would it need to do? A. place the cat gene into a plasmid and place the plasmid into bacteria B. make a DNA fingerprint of the cat gene and inser ...
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... 45. A genetic disorder of DNA repair in which the body's normal ability to remove damage caused by ultraviolet light is deficient. This leads to multiple basaliomas and other skin malignancies at a young age. In severe cases, it is necessary to avoid sunlight. What is the name of this genetic disord ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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