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MCD – Genetics 4 - Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases Anil
MCD – Genetics 4 - Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases Anil

... 3. Describe the use of karyotype analysis and FISH for detection of chromosomal abnormalities. FISH Fluorescent in situ hybridisation  Fluorescent DNA probes are used and hybridised with the normal DNA.  They will bind to those sequences that are complementary to themselves and so show up any simi ...
Lesson Plans
Lesson Plans

... (haploid) egg and sperm cells (meiosis). The details of the stages of mitosis and meiosis are typically taught in high school. Knowledge of the stages is not necessary for an understanding of the outcomes. However, the “pairs of socks” analogy used in the reading may help students realize that if tw ...
Paper 2
Paper 2

... Diagram 1 shows variation in a species of fish living in a lake. There was a rocky island that extended across the whole length of the lake, but it was under water due to the high water level. The fish were therefore able to move freely throughout the lake. Diagram 2 shows the same lake many years l ...
Chromosomes
Chromosomes

... Our DNA contain two genes (one from our mother and one from our father) for each ...
Meiosis and Mendelian Genetics
Meiosis and Mendelian Genetics

... For a given trait (gene), the pair of alleles in each parent separate such that the offspring only inherits one allele. Separation of alleles occurs during the meiotic divisions that produce the gametes. ...
nucleic acids 3115
nucleic acids 3115

Meiosis and Mitosis
Meiosis and Mitosis

Zebra fish
Zebra fish

... • Inverse PCR is used to amplify and clone unknown DNA that flanks one end of a known DNA sequence and for which no primers are available. • The technique involves digestion by a restriction enzyme of a preparation of DNA containing the known sequence and its flanking region. • The individual restri ...
Recent DNA evidence DNA analysis of other “animals” Linking
Recent DNA evidence DNA analysis of other “animals” Linking

... • An association means that the genotype of a marker (like a  SNP) can help predict the presence of a trait, BUT – The SNP itself might have no effect – it may just be linked to another  DNA element that has the effect – The effect may be very small – The association may be present only in certain i ...
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering

... Dolly, the most famous sheep in the world, was cloned in the Roslin Institute in Scotland in 1996. When this was announced in February 1997 it caused a sensation, because until then many scientists thought that such cloning was impossible. Such cloning is the production of one or more animals that a ...
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions – Brooker et al ARIS site
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions – Brooker et al ARIS site

Genes, Chromosomes and DNA
Genes, Chromosomes and DNA

... • As each strand acts as a template, process is called Semi-conservative Replication. • Replication errors can occur. Cell has repair enzymes that usually fix problem. An error that persists is a mutation. • This is permanent, and alters the phenotype. ...
Genetics – word list
Genetics – word list

... these cells are genetically different to each other. ...
MGG330 L1-2007
MGG330 L1-2007

... As name suggests for measuring expression Most genes in Genome covered From a variety of organisms ...
Blueprint of Life by Arthur Huang
Blueprint of Life by Arthur Huang

... Comparative anatomy is the study of the similarities and differences in the structure (anatomy) of living organisms. For example, limbs of bats, lions and humans are all of similar structure (pentadactyl limb – five fingered), suggesting that these organisms are descended from a common ancestor. How ...
doc Summer 2010 Lecture 3
doc Summer 2010 Lecture 3

... There are a number of genes in the mtDNA - many involved with energy production - some play roles in heredity - chromosomal inheritance is 50% male and 50% female - organelle DNA: male contribution is low o random distribution—no spindle dividing it  get a segregation of mitochondria into 2 daughte ...
1BIOLOGY 220W - Lecture Notes Packet
1BIOLOGY 220W - Lecture Notes Packet

... recognition site, it is safe, but it will cut any invader’s DNA that has the recognition site. Recognition sites are typically 4 or 6 nucleotides in length. Mutations are the original source of genetic variation Although organisms are generally very good at replicating their DNA, and fixing most of ...
GMO answerkey
GMO answerkey

... molecules are then brought together and the molecules ligated together using DNA ligase. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules present in bacteria that are self-replicating and which can “carry” a number of other genes, including genes obtained from another organism. The plasmids replicate along with ...
Lesson Objectives: You must be comfortable doing these items:
Lesson Objectives: You must be comfortable doing these items:

... squeeze through pores in the membrane that encloses the nucleus. It copies instructions in DNA and carries them to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Then it helps build the protein. RNA is not only smaller than DNA. It differs from DNA in other ways as well. It consists of one nucleotide chain rather tha ...
DNA - thephysicsteacher.ie
DNA - thephysicsteacher.ie

SCI 30 UA CH 2.5 Genetic Technologies
SCI 30 UA CH 2.5 Genetic Technologies

... In 2000, the remains of an unidentified Canadian soldier who died during the First World War (1914 –1918) were moved from their burial place near Vimy Ridge in France to a special tomb in front of Ottawa’s National War Museum. This symbolic “Tomb of The Unknown Soldier” was created to honour the tho ...
Networks, not building blocks – the idea of the
Networks, not building blocks – the idea of the

... relatively close to the two winged species. Although Ubx likewise codes for a transcription factor, its organismic significance is diametrically opposite (Levine 2002, Ronshaugen et al. 2002). Wing formation in butterflies is not suppressed but stimulated by Ubx! The assignment of significance is de ...
Pogil activity DNA to protein
Pogil activity DNA to protein

... Work as a group as you complete this activity. You should work together to complete the two diagrams and to answer the questions. Be sure that everyone in your group is playing an active role in successfully completing this activity! In the last unit, you learned about the structure of DNA. You also ...
The Little Things About the Little Things Inside of Us The Eukaryotic
The Little Things About the Little Things Inside of Us The Eukaryotic

... processes. Transcriptional regulation and posttranscriptional regulation can be determined by examining mRNA sequences made in different cell types. Eukaryote genes are not organized into operons. Regulation of several genes at once requires common control elements. Eukaryotes have three RNA polymer ...
Document
Document

... isn’t due to a non-viable template. Use highly conserved chloroplast gene from Photosystem II – part of the light reaction of photosynthesis. ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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