Genes without frontiers?
... Gene flow across distantly related bacterial groups (horizontal gene transfer) is a major feature of bacterial evolution (Maynard Smith et al, 1991; Campbell, 2000; Ochman et al, 2000; Gogarten et al, 2002). This evolution need not be slow. The intense selection pressure imposed on microbial communi ...
... Gene flow across distantly related bacterial groups (horizontal gene transfer) is a major feature of bacterial evolution (Maynard Smith et al, 1991; Campbell, 2000; Ochman et al, 2000; Gogarten et al, 2002). This evolution need not be slow. The intense selection pressure imposed on microbial communi ...
Supplementary Information
... diagnostics for Mendelian and mainly recessive diseases. Since the amount of fetal DNA in maternal blood varies widely and increases over the course of pregnancy, it is uncertain whether most early gestation cases will have sufficient fetal DNA to derive a statistically meaningful result. In selecti ...
... diagnostics for Mendelian and mainly recessive diseases. Since the amount of fetal DNA in maternal blood varies widely and increases over the course of pregnancy, it is uncertain whether most early gestation cases will have sufficient fetal DNA to derive a statistically meaningful result. In selecti ...
6. DNA transcription/translation
... • Once the start codon has been identified, the ribosome incorporates amino acids into a polypeptide chain • RNA is decoded by tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules, which each transport specific amino acids to the growing chain • Translation ends when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) is reached ...
... • Once the start codon has been identified, the ribosome incorporates amino acids into a polypeptide chain • RNA is decoded by tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules, which each transport specific amino acids to the growing chain • Translation ends when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) is reached ...
Lecture 4
... 19/ 21 showed transgene silencing. lack of a transgenic phenotype when transgene is present. lack of co-expression despite the presence of both genes. distorted segregation of GUS phenotype. reactivation of GUS+ phenotype in plants derived from GUS-negative parent occurred in 13 out of 21 lin ...
... 19/ 21 showed transgene silencing. lack of a transgenic phenotype when transgene is present. lack of co-expression despite the presence of both genes. distorted segregation of GUS phenotype. reactivation of GUS+ phenotype in plants derived from GUS-negative parent occurred in 13 out of 21 lin ...
When replication travels on damaged templates: bumps and blocks
... One interesting feature of the substrates generated by replicational encounters with DNA damage is that their structure varies depending upon which template strand contains the DNA lesion. The chromosome is duplicated by the coordinated replication of both the leading- and laggingstrand templates (r ...
... One interesting feature of the substrates generated by replicational encounters with DNA damage is that their structure varies depending upon which template strand contains the DNA lesion. The chromosome is duplicated by the coordinated replication of both the leading- and laggingstrand templates (r ...
Activity: Invasion of the Snorks
... 1. Create the data charts in your lab book. Make sure to leave enough room to have all of the necessary information present. 2. Using the mRNA from the Snork, find the missing strand of DNA belonging to the Snork. From what we know about the Snorks, the base pairing rules are the same as us. 3. Code ...
... 1. Create the data charts in your lab book. Make sure to leave enough room to have all of the necessary information present. 2. Using the mRNA from the Snork, find the missing strand of DNA belonging to the Snork. From what we know about the Snorks, the base pairing rules are the same as us. 3. Code ...
DNA methylation profile in human CD4+ T cells identifies
... (Fig. 3B). This suggests that the methylation in non-expressed genes is functionally relevant and that those genes that are involved in immune functions are non-expressed in primary CD4+ T cells and can demethylate and become transcriptionally active once T cells are activated and differentiated. We ...
... (Fig. 3B). This suggests that the methylation in non-expressed genes is functionally relevant and that those genes that are involved in immune functions are non-expressed in primary CD4+ T cells and can demethylate and become transcriptionally active once T cells are activated and differentiated. We ...
Chromatin plasticity in pluripotent cells
... In eukaryotes, DNA is arranged as a nucleoprotein superstructure termed chromatin. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which comprises 147 bp of DNA wrapped around a core octamer of the highly conserved histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (two of each). A linear string of nucleosomes is ...
... In eukaryotes, DNA is arranged as a nucleoprotein superstructure termed chromatin. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which comprises 147 bp of DNA wrapped around a core octamer of the highly conserved histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (two of each). A linear string of nucleosomes is ...
RNA Structure, Function, and Synthesis RNA - Rose
... RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III are not especially tightly regulated, since all cells need their products. (These two enzymes do have specialized transcription factors generally similar to those used by RNA polymerase II.) In contrast, RNA polymerase II, which generates the mRNA used for pro ...
... RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III are not especially tightly regulated, since all cells need their products. (These two enzymes do have specialized transcription factors generally similar to those used by RNA polymerase II.) In contrast, RNA polymerase II, which generates the mRNA used for pro ...
CHAPTER 6
... • 1964: Howard Temin notices that DNA synthesis inhibitors prevent infection of cells in culture by RNA tumor viruses. Temin predicts that DNA is an intermediate in RNA tumor virus replication • 1970: Temin and David Baltimore (separately) discover the RNA-directed DNA ...
... • 1964: Howard Temin notices that DNA synthesis inhibitors prevent infection of cells in culture by RNA tumor viruses. Temin predicts that DNA is an intermediate in RNA tumor virus replication • 1970: Temin and David Baltimore (separately) discover the RNA-directed DNA ...
7.03 Fall 2003 Problem Set #3 Solutions
... never co-transduced with lac2+. This indicates that the distance between lac2- and Tn5 is at least one phage head (105 bp). We know from part (a) that Tn5 and lac1- are within one phage head since their cotransduction frequency was 18%. But since we do not know the relative order of the three marker ...
... never co-transduced with lac2+. This indicates that the distance between lac2- and Tn5 is at least one phage head (105 bp). We know from part (a) that Tn5 and lac1- are within one phage head since their cotransduction frequency was 18%. But since we do not know the relative order of the three marker ...
Chapter 25 DNA metabolism
... Slow hydrolysis is switch between two states For DnaA ATP bound for is active Hydrolyzed,-ADP bound form is inactive Eight DnaA proteins (all with ATP bound) assemble to form helical complex in oriC (figure 25-11) This binding event uses both R and I sites DnaA binds to R site in both ATP and ADP fo ...
... Slow hydrolysis is switch between two states For DnaA ATP bound for is active Hydrolyzed,-ADP bound form is inactive Eight DnaA proteins (all with ATP bound) assemble to form helical complex in oriC (figure 25-11) This binding event uses both R and I sites DnaA binds to R site in both ATP and ADP fo ...
in vivo chromatin structures
... (Fig. 3A). The following conclusions can be drawn from the data in Fig. 3. (i) To a first approximation, each DNA restriction site for a variety of endonucleases tested has the same probability of being protected from cleavage in HCHOfixed, Pronase-digested chromosomes (Fig. 3A). (ii) Most blocked D ...
... (Fig. 3A). The following conclusions can be drawn from the data in Fig. 3. (i) To a first approximation, each DNA restriction site for a variety of endonucleases tested has the same probability of being protected from cleavage in HCHOfixed, Pronase-digested chromosomes (Fig. 3A). (ii) Most blocked D ...
PTC Assessment - Teacher Version
... If FshI cuts the DNA then one can assume that sequence in the new fish is the same as P. reticulata. However, if the new population had a novel gene sequence at this site the enzyme would fail to cut giving a misleading result. *Answering this question correctly requires a high level understanding o ...
... If FshI cuts the DNA then one can assume that sequence in the new fish is the same as P. reticulata. However, if the new population had a novel gene sequence at this site the enzyme would fail to cut giving a misleading result. *Answering this question correctly requires a high level understanding o ...
Animals and plants manage to make copies of themselves from one
... cells, and that seem to be able to get inside cells and multiply there. Such viruses, in multiplying, produce other viruses just like themselves, so they must have some device for passing on their characteristics by inheritance. What would that device be? Until biochemists managed to get pure sample ...
... cells, and that seem to be able to get inside cells and multiply there. Such viruses, in multiplying, produce other viruses just like themselves, so they must have some device for passing on their characteristics by inheritance. What would that device be? Until biochemists managed to get pure sample ...
Word file (122 KB )
... All of the 24 pol30 mutants were in Plasmids pBL-230-x (ARS, CEN TRP1 pol30x). Sixteen mutants were kindly provided by Peter Burgers 1,2. We made six additional mutants based on information that the corresponding human PCNA mutants bound weakly to the human p150 (CAC1) in vitro compared to wild type ...
... All of the 24 pol30 mutants were in Plasmids pBL-230-x (ARS, CEN TRP1 pol30x). Sixteen mutants were kindly provided by Peter Burgers 1,2. We made six additional mutants based on information that the corresponding human PCNA mutants bound weakly to the human p150 (CAC1) in vitro compared to wild type ...
Newsletter 1
... made this information much more easily accessible and searchable. The findings are that many of today’s Kiplings, wherever they are in the English-speaking world, can be traced back to forbears in Teesdale. Of course, there are exceptions, including those who have adopted the name on immigration. Fa ...
... made this information much more easily accessible and searchable. The findings are that many of today’s Kiplings, wherever they are in the English-speaking world, can be traced back to forbears in Teesdale. Of course, there are exceptions, including those who have adopted the name on immigration. Fa ...
7.13 Experimental Microbial Genetics
... migrate toward the anode (positive end) due to the negatively charged phosphates along the DNA backbone. The migration velocity is limited by the frictional force imposed by the gel matrix. While charge and/or size can affect the rate at which macromolecules will pass through the gel, the charge to ...
... migrate toward the anode (positive end) due to the negatively charged phosphates along the DNA backbone. The migration velocity is limited by the frictional force imposed by the gel matrix. While charge and/or size can affect the rate at which macromolecules will pass through the gel, the charge to ...
- GenoSensor Corporation
... TAS2R38. The most common one, located at the 785 nucleotide position of the DNA template strand, is associated with a loss of function in the protein product. This particular snip is a transition mutation from the pyrimidine Cytosine to the pyrimidine Thymine as seen here: GCTGC to GTTGC. Tasters ha ...
... TAS2R38. The most common one, located at the 785 nucleotide position of the DNA template strand, is associated with a loss of function in the protein product. This particular snip is a transition mutation from the pyrimidine Cytosine to the pyrimidine Thymine as seen here: GCTGC to GTTGC. Tasters ha ...
Genetics Project
... Intro to Genetics and Punnett Squares Explain the following terms: homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype What is a Punnett square? What is it used for? How is a Punnett square set up? How is a Punnett square set up when two traits are considered? Explain how 2 tall pea plants can produce a s ...
... Intro to Genetics and Punnett Squares Explain the following terms: homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype What is a Punnett square? What is it used for? How is a Punnett square set up? How is a Punnett square set up when two traits are considered? Explain how 2 tall pea plants can produce a s ...
Mechanical separation of the complementary strands of DNA
... replication or transcription in which enzymes translocate processively with respect to DNA. Such translocation occurs unidirectionally over long segments of DNA, and the enzymatic machinery has to develop a force against a number of impediments: the disruption of complementary base pairs, the possib ...
... replication or transcription in which enzymes translocate processively with respect to DNA. Such translocation occurs unidirectionally over long segments of DNA, and the enzymatic machinery has to develop a force against a number of impediments: the disruption of complementary base pairs, the possib ...
Recombinases
... integrase-bound attL and attR sites. Because these phages can also excise from their integrated state, the recombinases must be able to catalyze attL°øattR recombination. φRv1 encodes an Xis protein (and the other phages are expected to do so too), and Xis not only enables the φRv1 integrase to prom ...
... integrase-bound attL and attR sites. Because these phages can also excise from their integrated state, the recombinases must be able to catalyze attL°øattR recombination. φRv1 encodes an Xis protein (and the other phages are expected to do so too), and Xis not only enables the φRv1 integrase to prom ...
development, the Linker histone H1 is essential for Drosophila
... a genetically tractable organism where H1 may prove to play an essential role. As mentioned, deletion of the yeast HHO1 gene does not lead to obvious phenotypic effects. Although linker histones are essential for embryonic development in mice, the existence of multiple, nonallelic mouse H1 variant g ...
... a genetically tractable organism where H1 may prove to play an essential role. As mentioned, deletion of the yeast HHO1 gene does not lead to obvious phenotypic effects. Although linker histones are essential for embryonic development in mice, the existence of multiple, nonallelic mouse H1 variant g ...
Intranuclear localization of geminivirus DNA
... failed to cross react with some large viral DNA inclusions, suggesting that encapsidation may occur after significant viral DNA accumulation. Infection by a TGMV mutant with a defective coat protein open reading frame resulted in fewer and smaller viral DNA-containing compartments. Nevertheless, nuc ...
... failed to cross react with some large viral DNA inclusions, suggesting that encapsidation may occur after significant viral DNA accumulation. Infection by a TGMV mutant with a defective coat protein open reading frame resulted in fewer and smaller viral DNA-containing compartments. Nevertheless, nuc ...
Nucleosome
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores. This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool.Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring appropriate access to it (in mammalian cells approximately 2 m of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter). Nucleosomes are folded through a series of successively higher order structures to eventually form a chromosome; this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control, which ensures correct gene expression. Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information in the form of covalent modifications of their core histones.Nucleosomes were observed as particles in the electron microscope by Don and Ada Olins and their existence and structure (as histone octamers surrounded by approximately 200 base pairs of DNA) were proposed by Roger Kornberg. The role of the nucleosome as a general gene repressor was demonstrated by Lorch et al. in vitro and by Han and Grunstein in vivo.The nucleosome core particle consists of approximately 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around a histone octamer consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Core particles are connected by stretches of ""linker DNA"", which can be up to about 80 bp long. Technically, a nucleosome is defined as the core particle plus one of these linker regions; however the word is often synonymous with the core particle. Genome-wide nucleosome positioning maps are now available for many model organisms including mouse liver and brain.Linker histones such as H1 and its isoforms are involved in chromatin compaction and sit at the base of the nucleosome near the DNA entry and exit binding to the linker region of the DNA. Non-condensed nucleosomes without the linker histone resemble ""beads on a string of DNA"" under an electron microscope.In contrast to most eukaryotic cells, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio. Histone equivalents and a simplified chromatin structure have also been found in Archea, suggesting that eukaryotes are not the only organisms that use nucleosomes.