DNA - Lyndhurst Schools
... used a strand of DNA to create a protein. There are several steps to synthesizing proteins. The first step is transcription. During transcription, a copy of DNA is made in a single strand called mRNA but in RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil. mRNA then leaves the nucleus to join the ribosomes in t ...
... used a strand of DNA to create a protein. There are several steps to synthesizing proteins. The first step is transcription. During transcription, a copy of DNA is made in a single strand called mRNA but in RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil. mRNA then leaves the nucleus to join the ribosomes in t ...
SAMPLE LITERATURE Please refer to included weblink for correct
... can be “tagged” with fluorescent proteins and then expressed in cells. These tags simplify purification because a GFP-labeled protein can be tracked using UV light. The most useful application of GFP is as a visualization tool during fluorescent microscopy studies. By tagging other proteins with GFP, r ...
... can be “tagged” with fluorescent proteins and then expressed in cells. These tags simplify purification because a GFP-labeled protein can be tracked using UV light. The most useful application of GFP is as a visualization tool during fluorescent microscopy studies. By tagging other proteins with GFP, r ...
Organization of chromosomes in the interphase cell - UvA-DARE
... early S-phase (Belmont and Bruce, 1994). The authors proposed that these chromonema are formed by an irregular folding of 30 nm fibers. Since they observed chromonema substructures in compacted heterochromatin regions near the nuclear periphery, they proposed that condensed chromatin domains are for ...
... early S-phase (Belmont and Bruce, 1994). The authors proposed that these chromonema are formed by an irregular folding of 30 nm fibers. Since they observed chromonema substructures in compacted heterochromatin regions near the nuclear periphery, they proposed that condensed chromatin domains are for ...
Pepsin-Mediated Processing of the Cytoplasmic Histone H2A to
... healing (9) and chemotaxis of dendritic and memory T cells (10). Although peptide antimicrobials have been purified and characterized extensively, their biological functions and the nature of their post-translational processing are not yet well understood. The most studied antimicrobial peptides are ...
... healing (9) and chemotaxis of dendritic and memory T cells (10). Although peptide antimicrobials have been purified and characterized extensively, their biological functions and the nature of their post-translational processing are not yet well understood. The most studied antimicrobial peptides are ...
Restriction Enzymes in Microbiology, Biotechnology and
... left; eop=1) because no restriction enzyme is present, and also in the presence of PstI (middle row, middle; eop=1) because the phage DNA carries the protective, PstIspecific, modification. It grows poorly, however, on the PstII R-M system, because this modification does not protect the viral DNA fr ...
... left; eop=1) because no restriction enzyme is present, and also in the presence of PstI (middle row, middle; eop=1) because the phage DNA carries the protective, PstIspecific, modification. It grows poorly, however, on the PstII R-M system, because this modification does not protect the viral DNA fr ...
Microbial DNA qPCR Assays
... The following are representative results for all the qPCR assays. [A] shows the realtime amplification curves of the KPC antibiotic resistance gene qPCR assay. In [B], a standard curve was prepared that shows that the primer efficiency equals 103% (calculated from slope = –3.3236) and the correlatio ...
... The following are representative results for all the qPCR assays. [A] shows the realtime amplification curves of the KPC antibiotic resistance gene qPCR assay. In [B], a standard curve was prepared that shows that the primer efficiency equals 103% (calculated from slope = –3.3236) and the correlatio ...
Epigenetic Inactivation of Chalcone Synthase-A
... C002 plants were treated with 5-azacytidine (Fig. 3C) or trichostatin A (Fig. 3D). The frequencies of cytosine methylation at CpG/CpNpG/CpNpN sites were reduced to 62.9%/55.8%/15.5% and 44.1%/46.1%/13.0% by treatments with 5-azacytidine and trichostatin A, respectively. The CaMV 35S promoter contain ...
... C002 plants were treated with 5-azacytidine (Fig. 3C) or trichostatin A (Fig. 3D). The frequencies of cytosine methylation at CpG/CpNpG/CpNpN sites were reduced to 62.9%/55.8%/15.5% and 44.1%/46.1%/13.0% by treatments with 5-azacytidine and trichostatin A, respectively. The CaMV 35S promoter contain ...
Microbial DNA qPCR Assays
... The following are representative results for all the qPCR assays. [A] shows the realtime amplification curves of the KPC antibiotic resistance gene qPCR assay. In [B], a standard curve was prepared that shows that the primer efficiency equals 103% (calculated from slope = –3.3236) and the correlatio ...
... The following are representative results for all the qPCR assays. [A] shows the realtime amplification curves of the KPC antibiotic resistance gene qPCR assay. In [B], a standard curve was prepared that shows that the primer efficiency equals 103% (calculated from slope = –3.3236) and the correlatio ...
BSC1005 /Belk_Chapter 7
... Males always inherit their X from their mother Males are more likely to express recessive Xlinked traits than females Only females can be carriers of X-linked ...
... Males always inherit their X from their mother Males are more likely to express recessive Xlinked traits than females Only females can be carriers of X-linked ...
Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins that bind to
... nucleosomes. The sequential histones thus follow each other, bending the DNA to form a helical structure (Robinson & Rhodes 2006). (B) The zigzag model differs from the solenoid model in that alternate nucleosomes interact with each other and sequential nucleosomes (nucleosomes connected by linker D ...
... nucleosomes. The sequential histones thus follow each other, bending the DNA to form a helical structure (Robinson & Rhodes 2006). (B) The zigzag model differs from the solenoid model in that alternate nucleosomes interact with each other and sequential nucleosomes (nucleosomes connected by linker D ...
Primer on Molecular Genetics
... If unwound and tied together, the strands of DNA would stretch more than 5 feet but would be only 50 trillionths of an inch wide. For each organism, the components of these slender threads encode all the information necessary for building and maintaining life, from simple bacteria to remarkably comp ...
... If unwound and tied together, the strands of DNA would stretch more than 5 feet but would be only 50 trillionths of an inch wide. For each organism, the components of these slender threads encode all the information necessary for building and maintaining life, from simple bacteria to remarkably comp ...
Cleavage of a model DNA replication fork by a Type I restriction
... replication fork crowding, as described below. Therefore, it is possible that some relationship exists between restriction cleavage and replication fork passage. Another relationship between Type I restriction and DNA replication is suggested by the restriction alleviation phenomena: the phenotypic ...
... replication fork crowding, as described below. Therefore, it is possible that some relationship exists between restriction cleavage and replication fork passage. Another relationship between Type I restriction and DNA replication is suggested by the restriction alleviation phenomena: the phenotypic ...
Chromium Incorporated in RNA and DNA
... were significantly greater than bound to RNA and was 5.12 ð 0.30/1000 and 1.80 ð 0.11/1000 nucleotides for 10 µm potassium dichromate or chromium chloride and 7.74 ð 0.44/1000 nucleotides and 3.70 ð 0.25 for 100 µm respectively. Under the same conditions to RNA 3.86 ð 0.45 Cr atoms/ 1000 nucleotides ...
... were significantly greater than bound to RNA and was 5.12 ð 0.30/1000 and 1.80 ð 0.11/1000 nucleotides for 10 µm potassium dichromate or chromium chloride and 7.74 ð 0.44/1000 nucleotides and 3.70 ð 0.25 for 100 µm respectively. Under the same conditions to RNA 3.86 ð 0.45 Cr atoms/ 1000 nucleotides ...
MOLLECULAR BIOLOGY COURSE
... How does a gene make a protein? Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two ...
... How does a gene make a protein? Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two ...
Centromeres: An Integrated Protein/DNA Complex
... elements dg (3.8 kb), dh (4.0 kb), and yn/tm (less than 1 kb) (Nakaseko al 1986; Niwa et al 1989; Chikashige et al 1989; Matsumotoet al 1990). The dh region corresponds to a portion of K-L; dg to K, and yn/tm to B, respectively. Eachof these elements, or portions thereof, occur at all three S. pombe ...
... elements dg (3.8 kb), dh (4.0 kb), and yn/tm (less than 1 kb) (Nakaseko al 1986; Niwa et al 1989; Chikashige et al 1989; Matsumotoet al 1990). The dh region corresponds to a portion of K-L; dg to K, and yn/tm to B, respectively. Eachof these elements, or portions thereof, occur at all three S. pombe ...
The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in the
... exists (ÔYÕ refers to Y or W chromosomes unless stated otherwise), much of the DNA on this chromosome is not unique. This is because copies of mobile genetic elements, repeat sequences and a pseudoautosomal region can occur elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth 1991). Accordingly, sex-linked markers ...
... exists (ÔYÕ refers to Y or W chromosomes unless stated otherwise), much of the DNA on this chromosome is not unique. This is because copies of mobile genetic elements, repeat sequences and a pseudoautosomal region can occur elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth 1991). Accordingly, sex-linked markers ...
DNA SEQUENCING (using a Li
... fragment, then the run time will be short (1-2 h). If the fragment is long, and the desired sequence is closer to the 3' end, then the run time will be longer (2-5 h). The other method of sequencing DNA (Sanger 1977) uses a polymerization reaction (using DNA polymerase) in conjunction with mixtures ...
... fragment, then the run time will be short (1-2 h). If the fragment is long, and the desired sequence is closer to the 3' end, then the run time will be longer (2-5 h). The other method of sequencing DNA (Sanger 1977) uses a polymerization reaction (using DNA polymerase) in conjunction with mixtures ...
Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii Repeat Region 529 bp (NCBI Acc
... room temperature. The aqueous phase was pipetted out and equal volume of CIAA was added, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and repeat until there was no interphase. Deoxyribonucleic acid was precipitated with 0,1 volume 3 M Na-acetat and 2x volume ice-cold ethanol absolute, incubated for 15 min ...
... room temperature. The aqueous phase was pipetted out and equal volume of CIAA was added, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and repeat until there was no interphase. Deoxyribonucleic acid was precipitated with 0,1 volume 3 M Na-acetat and 2x volume ice-cold ethanol absolute, incubated for 15 min ...
Identification of a Novel Streptococcal Gene
... treatment and most of these infections were found to be persistent (40), suggesting the adaptability of this pathogen. At present, the mechanisms of adaptive mutagenesis in S. uberis, as well as in other Streptococcus species, are largely unexplored. Streptococcal species lack LexA, and even the exi ...
... treatment and most of these infections were found to be persistent (40), suggesting the adaptability of this pathogen. At present, the mechanisms of adaptive mutagenesis in S. uberis, as well as in other Streptococcus species, are largely unexplored. Streptococcal species lack LexA, and even the exi ...
The Functional Organization of the Vestigial Locus in Drosophila
... (1981b) have proposed that the cell death observed in vg mutants may be the consequence of abnormal positional information in vg wing imaginal discs. Thus, a molecular analysis of vg is important since it may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which positional information in imaginal discs is estab ...
... (1981b) have proposed that the cell death observed in vg mutants may be the consequence of abnormal positional information in vg wing imaginal discs. Thus, a molecular analysis of vg is important since it may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which positional information in imaginal discs is estab ...
A novel DNA modification by sulphur
... normal (Zhou et al., 1988; Boybek et al., 1998; Dyson and Evans, 1998) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Kieser et al., 1992; Zhou et al., 1994). This phenotype is named Dnd (for DNA degradation). Such double-stranded scission at modification sites was proved to be a peracidmediated, oxidative a ...
... normal (Zhou et al., 1988; Boybek et al., 1998; Dyson and Evans, 1998) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Kieser et al., 1992; Zhou et al., 1994). This phenotype is named Dnd (for DNA degradation). Such double-stranded scission at modification sites was proved to be a peracidmediated, oxidative a ...
Slide 1
... These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines. Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence. ...
... These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines. Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence. ...
Chapter 3: Molecular Biology Problems
... The first problems examine some of the most important experiments that led to the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material. They are good examples of the history of science as well as opportunities to analyze real data. Before attempting the question in this section, refer to your textbook or lec ...
... The first problems examine some of the most important experiments that led to the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material. They are good examples of the history of science as well as opportunities to analyze real data. Before attempting the question in this section, refer to your textbook or lec ...
how the ubiquitin–proteasome system controls transcription
... establishes the mechanism through which uH2B contributes to gene silencing, and indicates that histone ubiquitylation is an integral part of the HISTONE CODE25 that cells use to distinguish transcriptionally active from inactive chromatin. But how does ubiquitylation regulate other histone modificat ...
... establishes the mechanism through which uH2B contributes to gene silencing, and indicates that histone ubiquitylation is an integral part of the HISTONE CODE25 that cells use to distinguish transcriptionally active from inactive chromatin. But how does ubiquitylation regulate other histone modificat ...
Epigenetic memory in mammals
... germline must not only escape reprogramming but also the subsequent wave of de novo methylation that occurs (Morgan et al., 2005). DMRs are crucial to escaping reprogramming and many imprinted genes contain them. DMRs indicate areas that are methylated differently between parental alleles and some, ...
... germline must not only escape reprogramming but also the subsequent wave of de novo methylation that occurs (Morgan et al., 2005). DMRs are crucial to escaping reprogramming and many imprinted genes contain them. DMRs indicate areas that are methylated differently between parental alleles and some, ...
Nucleosome
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores. This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool.Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring appropriate access to it (in mammalian cells approximately 2 m of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter). Nucleosomes are folded through a series of successively higher order structures to eventually form a chromosome; this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control, which ensures correct gene expression. Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information in the form of covalent modifications of their core histones.Nucleosomes were observed as particles in the electron microscope by Don and Ada Olins and their existence and structure (as histone octamers surrounded by approximately 200 base pairs of DNA) were proposed by Roger Kornberg. The role of the nucleosome as a general gene repressor was demonstrated by Lorch et al. in vitro and by Han and Grunstein in vivo.The nucleosome core particle consists of approximately 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around a histone octamer consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Core particles are connected by stretches of ""linker DNA"", which can be up to about 80 bp long. Technically, a nucleosome is defined as the core particle plus one of these linker regions; however the word is often synonymous with the core particle. Genome-wide nucleosome positioning maps are now available for many model organisms including mouse liver and brain.Linker histones such as H1 and its isoforms are involved in chromatin compaction and sit at the base of the nucleosome near the DNA entry and exit binding to the linker region of the DNA. Non-condensed nucleosomes without the linker histone resemble ""beads on a string of DNA"" under an electron microscope.In contrast to most eukaryotic cells, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio. Histone equivalents and a simplified chromatin structure have also been found in Archea, suggesting that eukaryotes are not the only organisms that use nucleosomes.