Inferring Function From Known Genes
... used to infer the function of unknown genes in a microarray experiment. 3) Pathway analysis If the genes are sufficiently well understood, they may be assembled into networks showing which genes regulate other genes. Unknown genes that have expression patterns similar to those in the network can be ...
... used to infer the function of unknown genes in a microarray experiment. 3) Pathway analysis If the genes are sufficiently well understood, they may be assembled into networks showing which genes regulate other genes. Unknown genes that have expression patterns similar to those in the network can be ...
Efficiency of gene silencing in Arabidopsis
... and homologous inverted repeat (hIR) vectors. hIR constructs carry self-complementary intron-spliced fragments of the target gene whereas transitive vectors have the target sequence fragment adjacent to an intron-spliced, inverted repeat of heterologous origin. Both transitive and hIR constructs fac ...
... and homologous inverted repeat (hIR) vectors. hIR constructs carry self-complementary intron-spliced fragments of the target gene whereas transitive vectors have the target sequence fragment adjacent to an intron-spliced, inverted repeat of heterologous origin. Both transitive and hIR constructs fac ...
Transcription Initiation
... Some of the general methods used to control expression in prokaryotes are used in eukaryotes, but nothing resembling operons is known Eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and each gene has specific control sequences preceding the transcription start site In addition to controlling transcript ...
... Some of the general methods used to control expression in prokaryotes are used in eukaryotes, but nothing resembling operons is known Eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and each gene has specific control sequences preceding the transcription start site In addition to controlling transcript ...
Foundations of Biology
... Some of the general methods used to control expression in prokaryotes are used in eukaryotes, but nothing resembling operons is known Eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and each gene has specific control sequences preceding the transcription start site In addition to controlling transcript ...
... Some of the general methods used to control expression in prokaryotes are used in eukaryotes, but nothing resembling operons is known Eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and each gene has specific control sequences preceding the transcription start site In addition to controlling transcript ...
Lecture 18: Lecture 18: Gene Expression II: From RNA to Protein
... tRNA • Some tRNAs can base-pair with more tthan a o one e codo codons. s That at is, s, a mismatch s atc (wobble) at the third position can be tolerated. (I: inosine) • Humans have ~500 tRNA genes but only ~48 anticodons. ...
... tRNA • Some tRNAs can base-pair with more tthan a o one e codo codons. s That at is, s, a mismatch s atc (wobble) at the third position can be tolerated. (I: inosine) • Humans have ~500 tRNA genes but only ~48 anticodons. ...
Chapter 18 Gene Regulation
... diseases including cancer • Gene expression is regulated at many stages ...
... diseases including cancer • Gene expression is regulated at many stages ...
RNA EXTRACTION
... What is RNA? • RNA = Ribonucleic acid. • A type of nucleic acid with only one strand - ribose instead of deoxyribose and using uracil instead of thymine (in DNA). • Provides the link between the genetic information through protein synthesis (serve as template for protein synthesis). • Total RNA= rR ...
... What is RNA? • RNA = Ribonucleic acid. • A type of nucleic acid with only one strand - ribose instead of deoxyribose and using uracil instead of thymine (in DNA). • Provides the link between the genetic information through protein synthesis (serve as template for protein synthesis). • Total RNA= rR ...
RNAi in Plants: An Argonaute-Centered View
... Czech et al., 2009). In plants, the identity of the 59 nucleotide plays a key role in sorting of an sRNA into a specific AGO (Mi et al., 2008; Montgomery et al., 2008; Takeda et al., 2008). Arabidopsis AGO1 preferentially binds miRNAs with a 59 U, AGO2 favors siRNAs with a 59 A, AGO5 has a bias towar ...
... Czech et al., 2009). In plants, the identity of the 59 nucleotide plays a key role in sorting of an sRNA into a specific AGO (Mi et al., 2008; Montgomery et al., 2008; Takeda et al., 2008). Arabidopsis AGO1 preferentially binds miRNAs with a 59 U, AGO2 favors siRNAs with a 59 A, AGO5 has a bias towar ...
Effective Controls for RNA Interference (RNAi) Experiments using
... Characterization of the microRNA seed region, nucleotides 2-6 of the siRNA antisense strand, predicts that nucleotide identity of this region may allow the siRNA to act through the microRNA pathway.3-5 Thus, a negative control siRNA should not only have minimal overall sequence identity between the ...
... Characterization of the microRNA seed region, nucleotides 2-6 of the siRNA antisense strand, predicts that nucleotide identity of this region may allow the siRNA to act through the microRNA pathway.3-5 Thus, a negative control siRNA should not only have minimal overall sequence identity between the ...
Bcmb625-XistPaper-26apr07clp
... - Spatially, transcription machinery excluded from the Xist domain - Repressive epigenetic modifications are associated with the Xist domain - Temporally, exclusion is followed by epigenetic chromatin changes - exlcusion is an early event– differentiation day 1 - epigenetic modification is a later e ...
... - Spatially, transcription machinery excluded from the Xist domain - Repressive epigenetic modifications are associated with the Xist domain - Temporally, exclusion is followed by epigenetic chromatin changes - exlcusion is an early event– differentiation day 1 - epigenetic modification is a later e ...
Sept10
... rRNA and ribosomes provide the decoder. Ribosomes bring together mRNA and tRNA, and catalyze the translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes create peptide bonds between amino acids to create proteins ...
... rRNA and ribosomes provide the decoder. Ribosomes bring together mRNA and tRNA, and catalyze the translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes create peptide bonds between amino acids to create proteins ...
Messenger RNA
... • How does RNA polymerase know where to start and stop making a strand of RNA? The answer is that RNA polymerase doesn’t bind to DNA just anywhere. The enzyme binds only to promoters, regions of DNA that have specific base sequences. ...
... • How does RNA polymerase know where to start and stop making a strand of RNA? The answer is that RNA polymerase doesn’t bind to DNA just anywhere. The enzyme binds only to promoters, regions of DNA that have specific base sequences. ...
Lecture 20 DNA Repair and Genetic Recombination
... Despite having an RT activity, LINES lack the LTRs of the viral superfamily and use a unique mechanism to prime the reverse transcription rxn. The non-viral superfamily may have originated from RNA sequences; SINES are derived from RNA ...
... Despite having an RT activity, LINES lack the LTRs of the viral superfamily and use a unique mechanism to prime the reverse transcription rxn. The non-viral superfamily may have originated from RNA sequences; SINES are derived from RNA ...
RNA-Seq Sample Recommendations (Craig Praul, PSU and Caitlyn
... Excessive absorbance indicates the presence of protein in your sample while excessive absorbance at 230 may indicate the presence of residual phenol in your sample. The 260/280 ratio for RNA should be approximately 2.0 and the 260/230 ratio should be 2.0 – 2.2. These ratios can be affected by pH so ...
... Excessive absorbance indicates the presence of protein in your sample while excessive absorbance at 230 may indicate the presence of residual phenol in your sample. The 260/280 ratio for RNA should be approximately 2.0 and the 260/230 ratio should be 2.0 – 2.2. These ratios can be affected by pH so ...
No Slide Title
... What are these codons or triplets? Answer: The Genetic Code It is shared by all organisms, although there is a tiny bit of variation ...
... What are these codons or triplets? Answer: The Genetic Code It is shared by all organisms, although there is a tiny bit of variation ...
E. coli
... Unlike eukaryotic systems where transcription and translation occur sequentially, in E. coli, transcription and translation occur simultaneously within the cell In vitro E. coli translation systems are thus performed the same way, coupled, in the same tube under the same reaction conditions. During ...
... Unlike eukaryotic systems where transcription and translation occur sequentially, in E. coli, transcription and translation occur simultaneously within the cell In vitro E. coli translation systems are thus performed the same way, coupled, in the same tube under the same reaction conditions. During ...
protein synthesis - Science with Mrs Beggs
... • Most are single stranded, therefore does not form a double helix. Although can fold and twist into itself. ...
... • Most are single stranded, therefore does not form a double helix. Although can fold and twist into itself. ...
post-transcription
... 1. Small dsRNA fragments can silence the expression of a matching gene. This is RNA interference (RNAi), recently discovered in C. elegans. a. Injecting dsRNA into adult worms results in specific loss of the corresponding mRNA in the worm and its progeny. b. RNAi also occurs in many other organisms, ...
... 1. Small dsRNA fragments can silence the expression of a matching gene. This is RNA interference (RNAi), recently discovered in C. elegans. a. Injecting dsRNA into adult worms results in specific loss of the corresponding mRNA in the worm and its progeny. b. RNAi also occurs in many other organisms, ...
mv-lect-06-virus-repl-stratigies
... • To achieve the expression, replication, and spread of their genes, different families of viruses have evolved diverse genetic strategies and life cycles that exploit the biology and biochemistry of their hosts in a variety of ways. ...
... • To achieve the expression, replication, and spread of their genes, different families of viruses have evolved diverse genetic strategies and life cycles that exploit the biology and biochemistry of their hosts in a variety of ways. ...
Transgenic Plants: Experiences and Challenges
... Identifying a single gene for a trait is not sufficient Must understand how the gene is regulated What other effects it might have on the plant How it interacts with other genes active in the ...
... Identifying a single gene for a trait is not sufficient Must understand how the gene is regulated What other effects it might have on the plant How it interacts with other genes active in the ...
Mechanisms and roles of the RNA-based gene silencing
... Figure 2. A model for RNA-based TGS and PTGS. Steps involving dsRNA and steps that are affected by viral suppressors of PTGS and in various PTGS mutants are shown. TGS may be triggered directly by transcription of inverted repeat sequences in the nucleus and methylation of homologous promoter region ...
... Figure 2. A model for RNA-based TGS and PTGS. Steps involving dsRNA and steps that are affected by viral suppressors of PTGS and in various PTGS mutants are shown. TGS may be triggered directly by transcription of inverted repeat sequences in the nucleus and methylation of homologous promoter region ...
From Gene to Protein
... compartment for transcription. The original RNA transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA. ...
... compartment for transcription. The original RNA transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA. ...
Gene Regulation and Pathological Studies Using Mouse models
... – Nucleoside modifications such as cytidine (C) to uridine (U) and adenosine (A) to inosine (I) deaminations, as well as non-templated nucleotide additions, deletions and insertions. – RNA editing in mRNAs effectively alters the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein so that it differs from that ...
... – Nucleoside modifications such as cytidine (C) to uridine (U) and adenosine (A) to inosine (I) deaminations, as well as non-templated nucleotide additions, deletions and insertions. – RNA editing in mRNAs effectively alters the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein so that it differs from that ...
File
... enzymes and complementary base pairing. • The two processes have different end results. – Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies one gene growing RNA strands a gene. – Replication makes one copy; DNA transcription can make many copies. ...
... enzymes and complementary base pairing. • The two processes have different end results. – Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies one gene growing RNA strands a gene. – Replication makes one copy; DNA transcription can make many copies. ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.