Icelandic Case-marked PRO and the licensing of
... holds without an exception (cf. Sigurrsson 1990b): ...
... holds without an exception (cf. Sigurrsson 1990b): ...
The Syntax of Small Clause Predication
... Now, if we adopt this second hypothesis, then we must address the question concerning the position in which the lexical DP (Juan) is base-generated in the PR. The claim is that this lexical argument is base-generated in Spec, CP. This idea is consistent with the fact that this argument shows up prec ...
... Now, if we adopt this second hypothesis, then we must address the question concerning the position in which the lexical DP (Juan) is base-generated in the PR. The claim is that this lexical argument is base-generated in Spec, CP. This idea is consistent with the fact that this argument shows up prec ...
Kara Passmore Linguistics Senior Thesis POSSESSIVE-ING and ACCUSATIVE-ING Constructions in English
... syntactically present and called PRO. The PRO subject is necessary for several reasons: it is needed to satisfy- the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) of X-bar theory, for one. ...
... syntactically present and called PRO. The PRO subject is necessary for several reasons: it is needed to satisfy- the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) of X-bar theory, for one. ...
On the licensing and recovering of imperative subjects Melani Wratil
... an empty category in this position. Admittedly, none of the four known empty categories seem to be a suitable candidate to fit into the specifier position of the AgrSP of ‘subjectless’ imperatives. At first sight one could claim that the covert subject of the canonical ‘subjectless’ imperative sente ...
... an empty category in this position. Admittedly, none of the four known empty categories seem to be a suitable candidate to fit into the specifier position of the AgrSP of ‘subjectless’ imperatives. At first sight one could claim that the covert subject of the canonical ‘subjectless’ imperative sente ...
Non-finite complements and modality in de-na `allow` in Hindi-Urdu
... The instructive (7) has certain syntactic similarities to the permissive, noted in detail in Butt (1995:44-54), and summarized here briefly. One is in scrambling possibilities. The infinitive and matrix verb can move as a unit in both the permissive and the instructive (6) (Butt 1995: 44-47). In bot ...
... The instructive (7) has certain syntactic similarities to the permissive, noted in detail in Butt (1995:44-54), and summarized here briefly. One is in scrambling possibilities. The infinitive and matrix verb can move as a unit in both the permissive and the instructive (6) (Butt 1995: 44-47). In bot ...
1 - NELS 2016 @ UMass Amherst
... invited no one but themselvesi+j for a drink, see Reuland 2011). The possessive marker -že is a bound morpheme that attaches to šken-. Thus, the ške part cannot move onto or syntactically compose with the verb since that would require excorporation (from -n- and –že), which is forbidden (Baker 1988) ...
... invited no one but themselvesi+j for a drink, see Reuland 2011). The possessive marker -že is a bound morpheme that attaches to šken-. Thus, the ške part cannot move onto or syntactically compose with the verb since that would require excorporation (from -n- and –že), which is forbidden (Baker 1988) ...
Syntax I
... E.g., in English, only verbs take all of the inflectional endings -ed (past), -s (3pers.sg), and ing (progressive). Lexical subcategories (e.g. main verbs versus the auxiliaries have/be) may again be definable with reference to true syntactic distribution. NB in theories like categorial grammar, tra ...
... E.g., in English, only verbs take all of the inflectional endings -ed (past), -s (3pers.sg), and ing (progressive). Lexical subcategories (e.g. main verbs versus the auxiliaries have/be) may again be definable with reference to true syntactic distribution. NB in theories like categorial grammar, tra ...
Linking Theory
... Condition (22a) is justified since a given feature may be linked only to a similar feature. There is no known reason for dissimilar features to be linked.6 Condition (22d) is the most tenuous condition. Chomsky (1981) points out that certain nodes such as [Tense] do not govern their complements. It ...
... Condition (22a) is justified since a given feature may be linked only to a similar feature. There is no known reason for dissimilar features to be linked.6 Condition (22d) is the most tenuous condition. Chomsky (1981) points out that certain nodes such as [Tense] do not govern their complements. It ...
to-infinitive clauses
... Form -> word classes ( noun, adjective, verb, etc..), phrases (NP, AP, VP, etc..) clauses (matrix clause, subordinate clause) sentences ...
... Form -> word classes ( noun, adjective, verb, etc..), phrases (NP, AP, VP, etc..) clauses (matrix clause, subordinate clause) sentences ...
Identifying Chinese Dependent Clauses in the Forms of Subjects
... In this subsection, I have identified a new pronominal form in Chinese, a cpro, which is composed of a pronoun and a nominal. As in English and other languages, such a pronominal form is not subject to either Principle C or Principle B. Moreover, the status of a cpro in Chinese is ambiguous, dependi ...
... In this subsection, I have identified a new pronominal form in Chinese, a cpro, which is composed of a pronoun and a nominal. As in English and other languages, such a pronominal form is not subject to either Principle C or Principle B. Moreover, the status of a cpro in Chinese is ambiguous, dependi ...
Passive Morphemes in a Passive-less Language?
... effort such as feinga ‘to try’ and loto ‘to want’. This element exhibits syntactic behaviors that are distinct from those of other types of empty categories found in Tongan (Otsuka 2011a). Its distribution does not exactly match what is generally expected of PRO, however. First, it can apparently oc ...
... effort such as feinga ‘to try’ and loto ‘to want’. This element exhibits syntactic behaviors that are distinct from those of other types of empty categories found in Tongan (Otsuka 2011a). Its distribution does not exactly match what is generally expected of PRO, however. First, it can apparently oc ...
PART I: Toba Batak Phrase Structure
... Mangantuk si John jala manipak si Bob si Fred. +AT-hit PM John and +AT-kick PM Bob PM Fred ‘Fred hit John and kicked Bob.’ Diantuk si John jala disipak si Bob si Fred. –AT-hit PM John and –AT-kick PM Bob PM Fred ‘Fred was hit by John and was kicked by Bob.’ Mangantuk si John jala disipak si Bob si F ...
... Mangantuk si John jala manipak si Bob si Fred. +AT-hit PM John and +AT-kick PM Bob PM Fred ‘Fred hit John and kicked Bob.’ Diantuk si John jala disipak si Bob si Fred. –AT-hit PM John and –AT-kick PM Bob PM Fred ‘Fred was hit by John and was kicked by Bob.’ Mangantuk si John jala disipak si Bob si F ...
pdf
... As for case, it was initially believed that PRO can bear no case, due to its ungoverned position (control infinitives were taken to be CPs). Later on, PRO was claimed to bear null case (cf. Chomsky & Lasnik (1993)) – a special type of case assigned by non-finite inflection only. More recently, howev ...
... As for case, it was initially believed that PRO can bear no case, due to its ungoverned position (control infinitives were taken to be CPs). Later on, PRO was claimed to bear null case (cf. Chomsky & Lasnik (1993)) – a special type of case assigned by non-finite inflection only. More recently, howev ...
Context and Binding in Japanese. By MASAYO IIDA. Stanford: CSLI
... if the last verb is changed to complex sator-ase-ta ‘realize-CAUS - PAST’. This may be the reflection of the fact that whose perspective the speaker takes is subject to idiolectal variation and there still remains some vagueness about the exact nature of this notion. The conceptual problem concerns ...
... if the last verb is changed to complex sator-ase-ta ‘realize-CAUS - PAST’. This may be the reflection of the fact that whose perspective the speaker takes is subject to idiolectal variation and there still remains some vagueness about the exact nature of this notion. The conceptual problem concerns ...
Phrases and Clauses - Manhasset Public Schools
... clause (subject and predicate) that DOES NOT MAKE SENSE on its ownit depends on an independent clause to complete a thought. Begins with EITHER a relative pronoun, such as that, which or who, OR a subordinating conjunction, such as: if, after, when, because, although, since, where, even tho ...
... clause (subject and predicate) that DOES NOT MAKE SENSE on its ownit depends on an independent clause to complete a thought. Begins with EITHER a relative pronoun, such as that, which or who, OR a subordinating conjunction, such as: if, after, when, because, although, since, where, even tho ...
1. Introduction
... (similarly, the Accusative NP him is the agent in a sentence like 14a even if it is a patient in the more familiar cases in which it is the direct object of a transitive verb). Therefore, Nominative and Accusative qualify as structural Cases. On the other hand, Dative and Genitive are inherent rathe ...
... (similarly, the Accusative NP him is the agent in a sentence like 14a even if it is a patient in the more familiar cases in which it is the direct object of a transitive verb). Therefore, Nominative and Accusative qualify as structural Cases. On the other hand, Dative and Genitive are inherent rathe ...
2) The Complex Sentence
... the five main sentence elements, (S, V, O, C or A.) The two elements that are obligatory are S (subject) and V (verb). The verb phrase must be finite,- that is, there must be one finite verb expressing tense or aspect (temporal relationship), and concord with the subject. E.g. “If I come tomorrow…” ...
... the five main sentence elements, (S, V, O, C or A.) The two elements that are obligatory are S (subject) and V (verb). The verb phrase must be finite,- that is, there must be one finite verb expressing tense or aspect (temporal relationship), and concord with the subject. E.g. “If I come tomorrow…” ...
Document
... • The Simple Subject tells WHAT or WHOM the sentence is about. Chad, my next door neighbor, went to the store to buy some apples. Simple Subject Complete Subject The Complete Subject tells about the WHOLE subject of the sentence. ...
... • The Simple Subject tells WHAT or WHOM the sentence is about. Chad, my next door neighbor, went to the store to buy some apples. Simple Subject Complete Subject The Complete Subject tells about the WHOLE subject of the sentence. ...
Non-finite clauses and control
... • The long distance with raising and control is a sequence of local operations. – “Sam” is raised locally from “eat” to “try”, from “try” to “appear”, and from “appear” to “seemed”. “Sam” is understood as the subject of each verb. ...
... • The long distance with raising and control is a sequence of local operations. – “Sam” is raised locally from “eat” to “try”, from “try” to “appear”, and from “appear” to “seemed”. “Sam” is understood as the subject of each verb. ...
Non-Finite Subordinate Clauses
... main clauses: there are elements understood but not overtly expressed (1.a, 2.a: missing Complement 2.b: missing Subject) ...
... main clauses: there are elements understood but not overtly expressed (1.a, 2.a: missing Complement 2.b: missing Subject) ...
PowerPoint
... So null subjects are (for the most part—not completely) allowed by virtue of having infinitives. What allows the infinitives in child language? Generally taken as some kind of “disturbance of IP” (e.g., TP is missing), home of both tense and the EPP. ...
... So null subjects are (for the most part—not completely) allowed by virtue of having infinitives. What allows the infinitives in child language? Generally taken as some kind of “disturbance of IP” (e.g., TP is missing), home of both tense and the EPP. ...
notes-gfs
... Passive and other voices create new subjects so that they can be relativized. • Compare to participial clauses in English. – [NP The person [s washing the clothes]] – * [NP The clothes [s the person washing]] • Intendent to mean the clothes that the person is washing. ...
... Passive and other voices create new subjects so that they can be relativized. • Compare to participial clauses in English. – [NP The person [s washing the clothes]] – * [NP The clothes [s the person washing]] • Intendent to mean the clothes that the person is washing. ...
Document
... Clauses are attached to each other by: coordination: links two clauses with a conjunction (and, but, or, etc.) subordination: allow one clause to be nested inside another Can all clauses stand alone? a) b) c) d) e) f) g) ...
... Clauses are attached to each other by: coordination: links two clauses with a conjunction (and, but, or, etc.) subordination: allow one clause to be nested inside another Can all clauses stand alone? a) b) c) d) e) f) g) ...
PRO (linguistics)
In generative linguistics, PRO (called ""big PRO"", distinct from pro, ""small pro"" or ""little pro"") is a pronominal determiner phrase (DP) without phonological content. As such, it is part of the set of empty categories. The null pronoun PRO is postulated in the subject position of non-finite clauses. One property of PRO is that, when it occurs in a non-finite complement clause, it can be bound by the main clause subject (""subject control"") or the main clause object (""object control""). The presence of PRO in non-finite clauses lacking overt subjects allows a principled solution for problems relating to Binding Theory.Within Government and Binding theory, the existence and distribution of PRO followed from the PRO Theorem, which states that PRO may not be governed. More recent analyses have abandoned the PRO Theorem. Instead, PRO is taken to be in complementary distribution with overt subjects because it is the only item that is able to carry null case which is checked for by non-finite Tense Markers (T), for example the English to in control infinitives.