Slide 1
... an inducible system and the substrate is the inducer. Obviously, this is highly adaptive, as the cell saves energy by only producing the enzyme when it is needed. - some enzymes are on all the time, and are only turned off if a compound (often the product of the metabolic process they are involved w ...
... an inducible system and the substrate is the inducer. Obviously, this is highly adaptive, as the cell saves energy by only producing the enzyme when it is needed. - some enzymes are on all the time, and are only turned off if a compound (often the product of the metabolic process they are involved w ...
Bookmarking Target Genes in Mitosis: A Shared
... Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy as well as genome-wide biochemical approaches (e.g., chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing) have provided an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of transcriptional dynamics in mitotic cells. Accruing evidence from studies ...
... Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy as well as genome-wide biochemical approaches (e.g., chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing) have provided an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of transcriptional dynamics in mitotic cells. Accruing evidence from studies ...
What Makes the “Blue” in Blueberries?
... • Localizes to recently replicated DNA in mitotically cycling and endocycling cells ...
... • Localizes to recently replicated DNA in mitotically cycling and endocycling cells ...
RNA polymerase
... • A point mutation that results in replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotides with another nucleotide pair is called a base-pair substitution. • Some base-pair substitutions have little or no impact on protein function. • In silent mutations, alterations of nucleotides still indicate the sa ...
... • A point mutation that results in replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotides with another nucleotide pair is called a base-pair substitution. • Some base-pair substitutions have little or no impact on protein function. • In silent mutations, alterations of nucleotides still indicate the sa ...
continued
... Koberna et al JCB 2002, Figure 1. Localization of ribosomal genes in HeLa cells. Fluorescence mapping of ribosomal genes (A and C, yellow), phase contrast image (B and C, blue), and the merge image (C) are shown. Ribosomal genes are located in a number of fluorescent foci. Most of the foci are situ ...
... Koberna et al JCB 2002, Figure 1. Localization of ribosomal genes in HeLa cells. Fluorescence mapping of ribosomal genes (A and C, yellow), phase contrast image (B and C, blue), and the merge image (C) are shown. Ribosomal genes are located in a number of fluorescent foci. Most of the foci are situ ...
Full Article
... Accumulating evidence suggests that ROS are not only injurious byproducts of cellular metabolism but also essential participants, in cell signaling and regulation [3]. Nitric oxide (NO) functions as a signaling molecule mediating vasodilatation when produced in low concentrations by the constitutive ...
... Accumulating evidence suggests that ROS are not only injurious byproducts of cellular metabolism but also essential participants, in cell signaling and regulation [3]. Nitric oxide (NO) functions as a signaling molecule mediating vasodilatation when produced in low concentrations by the constitutive ...
The best-studied nuclear compartments are the
... snoRNPs. The observation that factors involved in transcription, capping, splicing, polyadenylation and cleavage of pre-mRNAs are initially targeted to CBs in the oocyte, allows for the possibility that the RNA pol II machinery is pre-assembled in CBs with other elements of the processing machinery ...
... snoRNPs. The observation that factors involved in transcription, capping, splicing, polyadenylation and cleavage of pre-mRNAs are initially targeted to CBs in the oocyte, allows for the possibility that the RNA pol II machinery is pre-assembled in CBs with other elements of the processing machinery ...
1. ELONGATION
... intron boundaries, extended consensus sequences of preferred nucleotides at the 5’ and 3’ ends have been established. In addition to AG, other nucleotides just upstream of the 3 splice junction also are important for precise splicing. Genetica per Scienze Naturali a.a. 05-06 prof S. Presciuttini ...
... intron boundaries, extended consensus sequences of preferred nucleotides at the 5’ and 3’ ends have been established. In addition to AG, other nucleotides just upstream of the 3 splice junction also are important for precise splicing. Genetica per Scienze Naturali a.a. 05-06 prof S. Presciuttini ...
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes: Metabolism – Enzyme and Gene
... 1. Bacteria are extremely efficient organisms. It is wasteful to have all 1000 – 2000 metabolic pathways on at the same time. 2. During exponential growth all cellular components are synthesized at constant rates relative to one another (balanced growth). 3. Thus, the cell integrates signals regardi ...
... 1. Bacteria are extremely efficient organisms. It is wasteful to have all 1000 – 2000 metabolic pathways on at the same time. 2. During exponential growth all cellular components are synthesized at constant rates relative to one another (balanced growth). 3. Thus, the cell integrates signals regardi ...
Learning Objectives
... 9. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by the triplets UUU, AAA, GGG, and CCC. 10. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized. 11. Explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous. 12. Explain the s ...
... 9. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by the triplets UUU, AAA, GGG, and CCC. 10. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized. 11. Explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous. 12. Explain the s ...
Learning Objectives
... 9. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by the triplets UUU, AAA, GGG, and CCC. 10. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized. 11. Explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous. 12. Explain the s ...
... 9. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by the triplets UUU, AAA, GGG, and CCC. 10. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized. 11. Explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous. 12. Explain the s ...
In prokaryotes, replication, transcription, and translation take place
... A particular DNA sequence reads TCGAGGTCACCG. A mutation occurs in which the first "A" in the sequence is deleted. What will happen to the protein produced? A ...
... A particular DNA sequence reads TCGAGGTCACCG. A mutation occurs in which the first "A" in the sequence is deleted. What will happen to the protein produced? A ...
Transcription and RNA processing
... In bacterial cells, the holoenzyme (RNA polymerase plus sigma) recognizes and binds directly to sequences in the promoter. In eukaryotic cells, promoter recognition is carried out by accessory proteins (transcription factors) that bind to the promoter and then recruit a specific RNA polymerase (I, II ...
... In bacterial cells, the holoenzyme (RNA polymerase plus sigma) recognizes and binds directly to sequences in the promoter. In eukaryotic cells, promoter recognition is carried out by accessory proteins (transcription factors) that bind to the promoter and then recruit a specific RNA polymerase (I, II ...
3-1Basic Bacteriology-Part-III-1
... can be seen in case of repressible genes (on most of the time) that is/are regulated an enhancer region (example, tryptophan operon) and an active activator protein.. Inactive activator: In some cases, the activator protein is NOT able to bind by itself to the enhancer region. It needs a help to be ...
... can be seen in case of repressible genes (on most of the time) that is/are regulated an enhancer region (example, tryptophan operon) and an active activator protein.. Inactive activator: In some cases, the activator protein is NOT able to bind by itself to the enhancer region. It needs a help to be ...
Clock-Controlled Genes
... CNS and other tissues are controlled by different mechanisms. The simplest fashion is a direct coupling of the target genes to the core oscillator via Clock (or Npas2) and Bmal1, or the Rev-erb family. A more indirect way exploits various transcriptional regulators, e.g., Dbp and E4bp4, as intermedi ...
... CNS and other tissues are controlled by different mechanisms. The simplest fashion is a direct coupling of the target genes to the core oscillator via Clock (or Npas2) and Bmal1, or the Rev-erb family. A more indirect way exploits various transcriptional regulators, e.g., Dbp and E4bp4, as intermedi ...
Transcription Student Handout
... structures. As a result, transcription occurs inside these organelles in eukaryotic cells. A eukaryote is an organism composed of cells which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is a differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloropl ...
... structures. As a result, transcription occurs inside these organelles in eukaryotic cells. A eukaryote is an organism composed of cells which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is a differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloropl ...
Bio 112 17 sp11
... Base-pair substitution • replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides • can cause missense or nonsense mutations Missense • mutations still code for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid Nonsense mutations • change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, ...
... Base-pair substitution • replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides • can cause missense or nonsense mutations Missense • mutations still code for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid Nonsense mutations • change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, ...
Gene Section IGF2R (insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor) in Oncology and Haematology
... Beyond biochemical and DNA sequence properties, M6P/IGF2R epigenetic traits have been described. In humans, there is a differentially methylated region (DMR) in intron 2 of the gene which is preferentially methylated on the maternally inherited copy of the gene; in addition, the human M6P/IGF2R resi ...
... Beyond biochemical and DNA sequence properties, M6P/IGF2R epigenetic traits have been described. In humans, there is a differentially methylated region (DMR) in intron 2 of the gene which is preferentially methylated on the maternally inherited copy of the gene; in addition, the human M6P/IGF2R resi ...
Dimerization of GT element interferes negatively with gene activation
... transcript level (Gilmartin and Chua 1990), as in the case of rbcS-3A, suggesting critical sequence requirements for the activation of gene expression by the GT elements. However, deletions of 5–7 bp between them do not affect the rbcS-3A transcript level. None of the changes in spacing affects the bi ...
... transcript level (Gilmartin and Chua 1990), as in the case of rbcS-3A, suggesting critical sequence requirements for the activation of gene expression by the GT elements. However, deletions of 5–7 bp between them do not affect the rbcS-3A transcript level. None of the changes in spacing affects the bi ...
RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
... RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (ch. 17) TERMS TO KNOW: RNA polymerase - the enzyme responsible for RNA transcription. Moves along gene and bonds appropriate RNA nucleotide to complimentary DNA nucleotide. Promoter - binding site on gene that RNA polymerase attaches to at the start of transcription. Codon ...
... RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (ch. 17) TERMS TO KNOW: RNA polymerase - the enzyme responsible for RNA transcription. Moves along gene and bonds appropriate RNA nucleotide to complimentary DNA nucleotide. Promoter - binding site on gene that RNA polymerase attaches to at the start of transcription. Codon ...
Question How does DNA control a cell?By controlling Protein
... Adds nucleotides to 3` end of growing RNA strand Enzyme moves 5` 3` (of RNA strand) Rate is about 60 nucleotides per second ...
... Adds nucleotides to 3` end of growing RNA strand Enzyme moves 5` 3` (of RNA strand) Rate is about 60 nucleotides per second ...
The 3`termini of transcripts originating from genes
... Figure 4. Comparison between putative secondary structures of the terminators of the E. coli phages X (A.t R .) and fd (both redrawn from Rosenberg and Court (1b)) and the M:. voltae xerminator described here. Note the lack of an oligo(T) at the 3'end of the termination factor rho dependent terminat ...
... Figure 4. Comparison between putative secondary structures of the terminators of the E. coli phages X (A.t R .) and fd (both redrawn from Rosenberg and Court (1b)) and the M:. voltae xerminator described here. Note the lack of an oligo(T) at the 3'end of the termination factor rho dependent terminat ...
RNA Metabolism Summary Slides as Questions
... 14. What are the functions of TFIIH? Has a helicase activity to open up the DNA and a kinase activity.....is involved in making the C-terminal regon of the RNA polymerase a binding site for enzymes carrying out capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. Spcifically, TFIIH targets the Serine residues on ...
... 14. What are the functions of TFIIH? Has a helicase activity to open up the DNA and a kinase activity.....is involved in making the C-terminal regon of the RNA polymerase a binding site for enzymes carrying out capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. Spcifically, TFIIH targets the Serine residues on ...
1 MODULE: Protein-nucleic acid interactions MODULE NUMBER
... Techniques for studying protein-DNA interactions and identifying recognition contacts, including electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNA footprinting and fluorescence anisotropy. These techniques will be introduced using selected biological systems. Techniques for studying protein-DNA inter ...
... Techniques for studying protein-DNA interactions and identifying recognition contacts, including electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNA footprinting and fluorescence anisotropy. These techniques will be introduced using selected biological systems. Techniques for studying protein-DNA inter ...
Transcription factor
In molecular biology and genetics, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. Transcription factors perform this function alone or with other proteins in a complex, by promoting (as an activator), or blocking (as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase (the enzyme that performs the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA) to specific genes.A defining feature of transcription factors is that they contain one or more DNA-binding domains (DBDs), which attach to specific sequences of DNA adjacent to the genes that they regulate. Additional proteins such as coactivators, chromatin remodelers, histone acetylases, deacetylases, kinases, and methylases, while also playing crucial roles in gene regulation, lack DNA-binding domains, and, therefore, are not classified as transcription factors.