Power supply of industrial enterprises Laboratory work Open
... In the substation to switch off fault transformer when relay protection responses high-frequency communication bus is used to deliver switching off signal to circuit breakers on supplying substations 1 and 2. As a communication bus power line 154 kV with high frequency filters, communication condens ...
... In the substation to switch off fault transformer when relay protection responses high-frequency communication bus is used to deliver switching off signal to circuit breakers on supplying substations 1 and 2. As a communication bus power line 154 kV with high frequency filters, communication condens ...
Using Bipolar Transistors As Switches By Mike Martell N1HFX
... purpose NPN or PNP transistor can be used as a switch. All that is needed is to know the minimum HFE and the power dissipation of the transistor. While most all transistors in a TO-92 case will have HFE’s of at least 100, many power transistors in TO-220 cases often have an HFE no greater than 25. I ...
... purpose NPN or PNP transistor can be used as a switch. All that is needed is to know the minimum HFE and the power dissipation of the transistor. While most all transistors in a TO-92 case will have HFE’s of at least 100, many power transistors in TO-220 cases often have an HFE no greater than 25. I ...
Low-power area-efficient high-speed I/O circuit techniques
... similar speed (3.5 Gb/s), signaling setup (current-mode differential unidirectional signaling) and equalization capability requires 250 mW and 0.6 mm , equivalent to 16.7 Gb/s/W and 5.8 Gb/s/mm [7]. To achieve this small area and low power, our prototype chip employs three key circuit techniques. An ...
... similar speed (3.5 Gb/s), signaling setup (current-mode differential unidirectional signaling) and equalization capability requires 250 mW and 0.6 mm , equivalent to 16.7 Gb/s/W and 5.8 Gb/s/mm [7]. To achieve this small area and low power, our prototype chip employs three key circuit techniques. An ...
Missing Analog Tools – A Proposal
... ANALYSIS OF ANALOG NEEDS • KEY questions that led to the specific APPROACH for Analog Tools proposed in this paper. – What are the parts of a particular analog design process flow that take away from or limit Analog Designers design productivity and capacity? – Which Process Steps do current analog ...
... ANALYSIS OF ANALOG NEEDS • KEY questions that led to the specific APPROACH for Analog Tools proposed in this paper. – What are the parts of a particular analog design process flow that take away from or limit Analog Designers design productivity and capacity? – Which Process Steps do current analog ...
Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (""chip"") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers, and has now been reduced to tens of nanometers.ICs were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized integrated circuits in place of designs using discrete transistors.ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) as a result of the small size and close proximity of the components. As of 2012, typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 450 mm2, with up to 9 million transistors per mm2.Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of integrated circuits.