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DOC-file of additional text
DOC-file of additional text

... IV. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) method Two values were assigned to each E. coli metabolic gene: a binary variable representing presence or absence of the gene in a given Buchnera genome, and the number of occurrences of the gene in 500 simulated reduced genomes. For each cut-off ( ...
Melanocortin 1 recep
Melanocortin 1 recep

Obesity — a genetic disease of adipose tissue?
Obesity — a genetic disease of adipose tissue?

... gene–environment interactions is given in Fig. 1. One of these genes may be a major one and the others could be minor obesity genes. The particular major and minor obesity genes may differ between families or ethnic groups. In the rest of this paper I discuss the relative importance of genes with a ...
lecture - Berkeley MCB
lecture - Berkeley MCB

... “Up until now, it had seemed reasonable to postulate that constitutive mutants synthesized an endogenous inducer which was absent in inducible cells. The results described here suggest an exactly opposite hypothesis. The facts can be explained by the supposition that the i gene determines (via an en ...
Unit F215
Unit F215

... This content has been produced by senior OCR examiners, with the input of Chairs of Examiners, to illustrate how the sample assessment questions might be answered and provide some commentary on what factors contribute to an overall grading. The candidate style answers are not written in a way that i ...
Gene Section USF1 (upstream transcription factor 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section USF1 (upstream transcription factor 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... complex factors, coactivator and corepressor proteins (Corre and Galibert, 2005; Huang et al., 2007; Corre et al., 2009; Wong et al., 2009). In addition, USF1 interacts with other transcription factors to achieve cooperative transcriptional activation of individual genes (Corre and Galibert, 2005). ...
1200 Paul Winter
1200 Paul Winter

... make a protein Human Beings have 35,000 genes. Genes are spread out along the chromosomes Each gene makes a different protein Proteins do lots of important jobs in the cell ...
mtr function Background Luis M. Corrochano
mtr function Background Luis M. Corrochano

... 1991, Dillon and Stadler 1994). In addition, the MTR permease allows the entry of toxic amino acid analogs, like p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) or 4-methyltryptrophan, in the cell. The name of the locus, mtr, stands for methyltryptophan resistance. The ability of the MTR permease to allow the entry of ...
Chaperone-dependent gene expression of organic
Chaperone-dependent gene expression of organic

... lipase gene. Expression of the S5 lipase gene in E. coli resulted in a 100-fold increase in enzyme activity 9 h after induction with 0.75 mM IPTG. The recombinant protein revealed a size of 60 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The Lip S5 gene was stable in the presence of 25% (v/v) n-dodecane and n-tetradecane after ...
Internal expression of Yarrowia NDH2
Internal expression of Yarrowia NDH2

... 1×10–5 (Barth and Gaillardin, 1996). In our experiment, 5′FOA resistant colonies appeared with approximately 10 times lower frequency. Southern blot analysis of ten colonies demonstrated that, although the URA3 marker had been lost or damaged by spontaneous mutations in all of these strains, the pla ...
Metabolomics based gene function annotation in Escherichia coli
Metabolomics based gene function annotation in Escherichia coli

... mutants. Additionally, metabolomics can be used to explore metabolic diversity of different accessions/strains, tissues, and cell types of an organism. Once the metabolic diversity has been described, the genetic-basis for the metabolic and/or phenotypic differences can be elucidated using other omi ...
Genomics Reveal Ancient Forms of Stanniocalcin in Amphioxus and
Genomics Reveal Ancient Forms of Stanniocalcin in Amphioxus and

... Synopsis Stanniocalcin (STC) is present throughout vertebrates, including humans, but a structure for STC has not been identified in animals that evolved before bony fish. The origin of this pleiotropic hormone known to regulate calcium is not clear. In the present study, we have cloned three stanni ...
Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Rickettsia using the
Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Rickettsia using the

... Nei, 1987). The data were also examined by using parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods (,  and  in ). A bootstrap analysis was performed to investigate the stability of the trees obtained. Bootstrap values were obtained for a consensus tree based on 100 randomly generate ...
Peter Kunzmann Metaphors in the Language of Darwinism
Peter Kunzmann Metaphors in the Language of Darwinism

... whether something is indeed only a metaphor, we can look how they work.8 We un­ derstand the meaning of a metaphor only if we grasp what the original (or „proper”) use o f the word has in common with its application to a different matter. We must grasp the semantic overlap of the different applicati ...
- LSHTM Research Online
- LSHTM Research Online

... pseudomallei that are as-yet uncharacterized. Confirmation of selected essential genes. In order to confirm the utility of TraDIS for predicting essential genes, we chose four targets to validate individually. To conclusively determine whether these genes were required for growth in vitro, we utiliz ...
Molecular Imaging - Engineering Computing Facility
Molecular Imaging - Engineering Computing Facility

... Molecular imaging could be broadly defined as the in vivo imaging, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level [1]. Therefore, it allows processes such as gene expression and protein-protein interactions to be imaged. It results from the convergence ...
Gene Section ALDOB (aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section ALDOB (aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... Many types of mutation in human ALDOB gene were reported, including missense mutations, nonsense mutations, deletions, insertions and mutation at the splicing regions (list in the diagram above). The mutations bring about reduced enzyme activity and affect structural stability. Mutants that retained ...
Temperature-dependent expression of virulence genes in fish
Temperature-dependent expression of virulence genes in fish

... moderate temperature shifts (Eriksson et al., 2002; Shivaji et al., 2010; Steinmann and Dersch, 2013). In addition, bacteria also have response mechanisms to drastic changes in temperature. The paradigms of this adaptation are the cold and heat shock response systems under which the bacteria induce ...
Speciation and Gene Flow between Snails of Opposite Chirality
Speciation and Gene Flow between Snails of Opposite Chirality

... is particularly unusual because most other low-spired snail genera are invariant for their chirality. If single-gene speciation can ever occur, then it is most likely to occur in Euhadra, because interchiral mating is either difficult or impossible [14]. We were interested to know how many times sini ...
Integrated genome sequence and linkage map of physic nut
Integrated genome sequence and linkage map of physic nut

... novo, homolog and cDNA-EST) to identify protein-coding genes, and then used GLEAN to assemble the results (Table S6). After combining the results of RNA-seq and GLEAN, 27 172 putative protein-coding genes were identified, with a mean coding sequence length of 1097 bp (Tables 1 and S7). On the basis ...
The Mutant of sll1961, Which Encodes a Putative
The Mutant of sll1961, Which Encodes a Putative

... Many cyanobacterial mutants with different photosystem stoichiometry from that of the wild type were reported (Wilde et al., 1995, 2001; Mann et al., 2000; Shen et al., 2002; Kufryk and Vermaas, 2003; Yu et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2004). The deletion of genes encoding the subunits of PSI or PSII may ...
20656341304a5aa0f70818a
20656341304a5aa0f70818a

... abnormality in the peroxidase enzyme or in the H2O2 generating system 4) defective thyroglobulin synthesis or transport 5) abnormal iodotyrosine deiodinase activity. ...
Dr Noor Lita Adam 260609
Dr Noor Lita Adam 260609

... abnormality in the peroxidase enzyme or in the H2O2 generating system 4) defective thyroglobulin synthesis or transport 5) abnormal iodotyrosine deiodinase activity. ...
Article
Article

... of the inactivating function, or is it a secondary consequence of inactivation? What is the biochemical basis of the SOS constitutive phenotype of strain DM1187? We have purified the factor responsible for repressor inactivation and we report here that it is the product of the recA gene. The repress ...
- Philsci-Archive
- Philsci-Archive

... about changes that (“in principle, and assuming we were able to perform them) might be used to manipulate or control the outcome. More generally, successful causal explanation consists in the exhibition of patterns of dependency (as expressed by interventionist counterfactuals) between the factors c ...
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Gene nomenclature

Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.Gene nomenclature and protein nomenclature are not separate endeavors; they are aspects of the same whole. Any name or symbol used for a protein can potentially also be used for the gene that encodes it, and vice versa. But owing to the nature of how science has developed (with knowledge being uncovered bit by bit over decades), proteins and their corresponding genes have not always been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla, so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for gene or protein), the context usually makes the sense clear to scientific readers, and the nomenclatural systems also provide for some specificity by using italic for a symbol when the gene is meant and plain (roman) for when the protein is meant. Regarding the second duality (a given protein is endogenous in many kinds of organisms), the nomenclatural systems also provide for at least human-versus-nonhuman specificity by using different capitalization, although scientists often ignore this distinction, given that it is often biologically irrelevant.Also owing to the nature of how scientific knowledge has unfolded, proteins and their corresponding genes often have several names and symbols that are synonymous. Some of the earlier ones may be deprecated in favor of newer ones, although such deprecation is voluntary. Some older names and symbols live on simply because they have been widely used in the scientific literature (including before the newer ones were coined) and are well established among users.
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