Direct fitness or inclusive fitness: How shall we model kin selection?
... phenotypic value of the focal individual and Rk is the relatedness of the kth actor (or the type k actor depending on the setup) to the focal recipient. Provided cov(G,P) > 0 (which can always be arranged), Wdir will in average allele have the same sign as the change DG frequency. Inclusive fitnes ...
... phenotypic value of the focal individual and Rk is the relatedness of the kth actor (or the type k actor depending on the setup) to the focal recipient. Provided cov(G,P) > 0 (which can always be arranged), Wdir will in average allele have the same sign as the change DG frequency. Inclusive fitnes ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... to this topic: researchers concluded that only homozygous CYP2C19*17/*17 could be considered UMs and that they are likely at an increased risk to suffer therapeutic ineffectiveness, principally for drugs with a very narrow therapeutic window, such as Clopidogrel (Li-Wan-Po et al. 2009). We were able ...
... to this topic: researchers concluded that only homozygous CYP2C19*17/*17 could be considered UMs and that they are likely at an increased risk to suffer therapeutic ineffectiveness, principally for drugs with a very narrow therapeutic window, such as Clopidogrel (Li-Wan-Po et al. 2009). We were able ...
Adaptive landscapes - BOA Bicocca Open Archive
... left to scientists (although philosophers tended to slip a bit into the third one). What adaptive landscapes are? The words “model” and “metaphor” were surely central. I wanted to think about it, to bring a contribution to that debate, but I simply did not know enough. So, I had to take time to make ...
... left to scientists (although philosophers tended to slip a bit into the third one). What adaptive landscapes are? The words “model” and “metaphor” were surely central. I wanted to think about it, to bring a contribution to that debate, but I simply did not know enough. So, I had to take time to make ...
Alarmingly High Segregation Frequencies of Quinolone Resistance
... Paulander et al. 2009; Andersson and Hughes 2010; Kunz et al. 2012; Katz and Hershberg 2013; Miskinyte and Gordo 2013; Qi et al. 2014). Additionally, when certain TRAs confer a negative fitness effect on the bacteria carrying them, compensatory mutations can alleviate these effects (reviewed in Ande ...
... Paulander et al. 2009; Andersson and Hughes 2010; Kunz et al. 2012; Katz and Hershberg 2013; Miskinyte and Gordo 2013; Qi et al. 2014). Additionally, when certain TRAs confer a negative fitness effect on the bacteria carrying them, compensatory mutations can alleviate these effects (reviewed in Ande ...
Genetics of host response in leprosy
... During the natural course of the disease some steps can be clearly identified. Thus, leprosy can be divided into: (i) leprosy per se; (ii) severity of clinical forms; and (iii) occurrence and severity of reactional states. The host responses in every one of those stages can originate a specific outc ...
... During the natural course of the disease some steps can be clearly identified. Thus, leprosy can be divided into: (i) leprosy per se; (ii) severity of clinical forms; and (iii) occurrence and severity of reactional states. The host responses in every one of those stages can originate a specific outc ...
Lesson Overview
... principles and learned that they applied not just to pea plants but to other organisms as well. The basic principles of Mendelian genetics can be used to study the inheritance of human traits and to calculate the probability of certain traits appearing in the next generation. ...
... principles and learned that they applied not just to pea plants but to other organisms as well. The basic principles of Mendelian genetics can be used to study the inheritance of human traits and to calculate the probability of certain traits appearing in the next generation. ...
The dilemma of dominance
... Conceptual clarity may be fostered, I claim, by viewing diploid organisms as diphenic and by framing genetic causality modestly through individual alleles and their corresponding haplophenotypes. ...
... Conceptual clarity may be fostered, I claim, by viewing diploid organisms as diphenic and by framing genetic causality modestly through individual alleles and their corresponding haplophenotypes. ...
Proof-of-principle rapid noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
... disease, on the other hand, this is not the case. In order for NIPD to take hold in the clinical setting, it will be necessary to develop universal methodologies that apply to the diagnosis of any mutation, maternal or paternal, regardless of inheritance. Although some universal techniques for NIPD ...
... disease, on the other hand, this is not the case. In order for NIPD to take hold in the clinical setting, it will be necessary to develop universal methodologies that apply to the diagnosis of any mutation, maternal or paternal, regardless of inheritance. Although some universal techniques for NIPD ...
Distribution and Concordance of N-Acetyltransferase Genotype and
... NAT2.4 Polymorphisms of NAT2 are known to result in variation of acetylation activity and have been associated with the incidence of several diseases (5). Generally, single-nt substitutions in NAT2 result in low activity, decreased expression, and enzyme instability (23). A slow acetylator phenotype ...
... NAT2.4 Polymorphisms of NAT2 are known to result in variation of acetylation activity and have been associated with the incidence of several diseases (5). Generally, single-nt substitutions in NAT2 result in low activity, decreased expression, and enzyme instability (23). A slow acetylator phenotype ...
The genetic consequences of fluctuating inbreeding depression and
... fitness of selfed vs. outcrossed individuals, is described by the model of Kondrashov (1985), which models the evolution of the distribution of the number of homozygous and heterozygous deleterious mutations per individual in an infinite population with selfing rate r. Mutation occurs at an infinite ...
... fitness of selfed vs. outcrossed individuals, is described by the model of Kondrashov (1985), which models the evolution of the distribution of the number of homozygous and heterozygous deleterious mutations per individual in an infinite population with selfing rate r. Mutation occurs at an infinite ...
What a Punnett Square Can Do for You
... would not be able to produce short pea plants with this pair of plants because one parent is homozygous dominant and can only pass on the dominant get to their offspring. This means that every offspring produced will have at least one dominant allele. So, all offspring will by tall. ©Copyright 2014 ...
... would not be able to produce short pea plants with this pair of plants because one parent is homozygous dominant and can only pass on the dominant get to their offspring. This means that every offspring produced will have at least one dominant allele. So, all offspring will by tall. ©Copyright 2014 ...
1 Dominance Genetic Variance for Traits Under Directional
... In contrast to our growing understanding for patterns of additive genetic variance in single and multi-trait combinations, the relative contribution of non-additive genetic variance, particularly dominance variance, to multivariate phenotypes is largely unknown. While mechanisms for the evolution of ...
... In contrast to our growing understanding for patterns of additive genetic variance in single and multi-trait combinations, the relative contribution of non-additive genetic variance, particularly dominance variance, to multivariate phenotypes is largely unknown. While mechanisms for the evolution of ...
Instruction Manual for “ChromoPainter: a copying model for
... The file donor list infile provides information on the number of haplotypes from each donor population in haplotype infile. This file is not always required, for instance if you condition a subset of haplotypes (or individuals) on every other haplotype (or individual) using the ’-a’ switch, but is u ...
... The file donor list infile provides information on the number of haplotypes from each donor population in haplotype infile. This file is not always required, for instance if you condition a subset of haplotypes (or individuals) on every other haplotype (or individual) using the ’-a’ switch, but is u ...
Optimizing selection for quantitative traits with information on an
... Methods to formulate and maximize response to selection for a quantitative trait over multiple generations when information on a quantitative trait locus (major gene) is available were developed to investigate and optimize response to selection in mixed inheritance models. Deterministic models with ...
... Methods to formulate and maximize response to selection for a quantitative trait over multiple generations when information on a quantitative trait locus (major gene) is available were developed to investigate and optimize response to selection in mixed inheritance models. Deterministic models with ...
Entering the second century of maize quantitative genetics
... flavor but negatively affects germination. Conclusions about a general trait such as fitness may not be directly applicable to other, more specific traits, yet the fact that over half of the maize genome showed a detectable fitness effect implies that a large number of genes are not only involved in ...
... flavor but negatively affects germination. Conclusions about a general trait such as fitness may not be directly applicable to other, more specific traits, yet the fact that over half of the maize genome showed a detectable fitness effect implies that a large number of genes are not only involved in ...
Gene Mapping, Marker-Assisted Selection, Gene Cloning, Genetic
... integrated genetic improvement approaches. For instance, gene mapping will produce more economically important genes for cloning and application in biotechnology or gene-assisted selection (GAS), and produce markers that are linked to important performance traits for MAS. Biotechnology should use st ...
... integrated genetic improvement approaches. For instance, gene mapping will produce more economically important genes for cloning and application in biotechnology or gene-assisted selection (GAS), and produce markers that are linked to important performance traits for MAS. Biotechnology should use st ...
gene mapping, marker gene mapping, marker-assisted
... integrated genetic improvement approaches. For instance, gene mapping will produce more economically important genes for cloning and application in biotechnology or gene-assisted selection (GAS), and produce markers that are linked to important performance traits for MAS. Biotechnology should use st ...
... integrated genetic improvement approaches. For instance, gene mapping will produce more economically important genes for cloning and application in biotechnology or gene-assisted selection (GAS), and produce markers that are linked to important performance traits for MAS. Biotechnology should use st ...
Genetic drift
Genetic drift (or allelic drift) is the change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.The alleles in the offspring are a sample of those in the parents, and chance has a role in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces. A population's allele frequency is the fraction of the copies of one gene that share a particular form. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation.When there are few copies of an allele, the effect of genetic drift is larger, and when there are many copies the effect is smaller. In the early twentieth century vigorous debates occurred over the relative importance of natural selection versus neutral processes, including genetic drift. Ronald Fisher, who explained natural selection using Mendelian genetics, held the view that genetic drift plays at the most a minor role in evolution, and this remained the dominant view for several decades. In 1968, Motoo Kimura rekindled the debate with his neutral theory of molecular evolution, which claims that most instances where a genetic change spreads across a population (although not necessarily changes in phenotypes) are caused by genetic drift. There is currently a scientific debate about how much of evolution has been caused by natural selection, and how much by genetic drift.