campbell ch#3 only
... Every object has a mirror image. Many pairs of objects that are mirror images can be superimposed on each other; two identical solid-colored coffee mugs are an example. In other cases, the mirror-image objects cannot be superimposed on one another but are related to each other as the right hand is t ...
... Every object has a mirror image. Many pairs of objects that are mirror images can be superimposed on each other; two identical solid-colored coffee mugs are an example. In other cases, the mirror-image objects cannot be superimposed on one another but are related to each other as the right hand is t ...
Amino acid composition of kolomikta actinidia
... Four Lithuanian cultivars ‘Laiba’, ‘Lankė’, ‘Landė’ and ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ were investigated. The cultivars were developed at Aleksandras Stulginskis University’s research orchard and have been under investigation there for 25 years. The amount of crude protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method. ...
... Four Lithuanian cultivars ‘Laiba’, ‘Lankė’, ‘Landė’ and ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ were investigated. The cultivars were developed at Aleksandras Stulginskis University’s research orchard and have been under investigation there for 25 years. The amount of crude protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method. ...
carboxylic acid
... limited to use with primary and some secondary alkyl halides. The second method involves formation of a Grignard reagent and is therefore limited to use with organic halides that have no acidic hydrogens or reactive functional groups. In the present instance, either method would work well. ...
... limited to use with primary and some secondary alkyl halides. The second method involves formation of a Grignard reagent and is therefore limited to use with organic halides that have no acidic hydrogens or reactive functional groups. In the present instance, either method would work well. ...
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
... • Pepsin acts as an endopeptidase to cleave dietary proteins with a broad spectrum of specificity, although it prefers to cleave peptide bonds in which the carboxyl group is provided by aromatic or acidic amino acids. The products are smaller peptides and some free amino acids. C. In the intestine, ...
... • Pepsin acts as an endopeptidase to cleave dietary proteins with a broad spectrum of specificity, although it prefers to cleave peptide bonds in which the carboxyl group is provided by aromatic or acidic amino acids. The products are smaller peptides and some free amino acids. C. In the intestine, ...
Protein Structure, Neighbor Effect, and a New Index of Amino Acid
... these two angles can give rise to, or maintain, the basic secondary structures such as a-helices or b-sheets. In other words, only particular combinations of amino acids can cooperate to form particular secondary structures. For example, a stretch of Glu, Ala, or Met tends to form an a-helix, but th ...
... these two angles can give rise to, or maintain, the basic secondary structures such as a-helices or b-sheets. In other words, only particular combinations of amino acids can cooperate to form particular secondary structures. For example, a stretch of Glu, Ala, or Met tends to form an a-helix, but th ...
Amino Acid Transporters and Release of Hydrophobic Amino Acids
... concentration of L-[U-14C]amino acid, in filaments grown in BG11 medium (supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic in the case of the mutants), washed and suspended in 25 mM N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine (Tricine)-NaOH buffer (pH 8.1). Significance of the difference of uptake between a muta ...
... concentration of L-[U-14C]amino acid, in filaments grown in BG11 medium (supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic in the case of the mutants), washed and suspended in 25 mM N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine (Tricine)-NaOH buffer (pH 8.1). Significance of the difference of uptake between a muta ...
acids, bases and solution equilibria
... F, OH, NH3, CO32, SO42 A tendency to be non-polarisable. Ions based on the 2p elements are good examples. Soft acids: Late and heavier d-block elements and heavy p-block metal ions, particularly in low ...
... F, OH, NH3, CO32, SO42 A tendency to be non-polarisable. Ions based on the 2p elements are good examples. Soft acids: Late and heavier d-block elements and heavy p-block metal ions, particularly in low ...
Meteoritic Amino Acids: Diversity in Compositions Reflects Parent
... Figure 1. Structure of amino acids can be classified according to the position of the amine relative to the acid (e.g., if the amine is on the α, β, γ, or δ carbon) and the structure of the aliphatic carbon backbone. For the five-carbon aliphatic primary monoamino, monocarboxylic, non-heteroatom amino ...
... Figure 1. Structure of amino acids can be classified according to the position of the amine relative to the acid (e.g., if the amine is on the α, β, γ, or δ carbon) and the structure of the aliphatic carbon backbone. For the five-carbon aliphatic primary monoamino, monocarboxylic, non-heteroatom amino ...
Amino Acid Interrelationships in Cysteine Toxicity in
... The existence of complex inter-relationships between amino acids in the growth and nutrition of micro-organisms and animals is well known. In several instances such antagonisms involve amino acids which possess structural similarities or are connected by interlinked metabolic pathways. The toxicity ...
... The existence of complex inter-relationships between amino acids in the growth and nutrition of micro-organisms and animals is well known. In several instances such antagonisms involve amino acids which possess structural similarities or are connected by interlinked metabolic pathways. The toxicity ...
Biosynthesis of `essential` amino acids by
... of the pellet was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Either living or frozen zooxanthellae preparations were smeared across the tops of M. faeolata colonies ; then the coral tissues were removed from the skeletons and processed as described above. Only 1.4 % of the radiolabel from the living zooxanthellae ...
... of the pellet was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Either living or frozen zooxanthellae preparations were smeared across the tops of M. faeolata colonies ; then the coral tissues were removed from the skeletons and processed as described above. Only 1.4 % of the radiolabel from the living zooxanthellae ...
Amino acid fluxes to and from seawater in axenic veliger larvae of a
... ABSTRACT: Rates of uptake of dissolved amino acids were determined for axenic veliger larvae of the bivalve Crassostrea gigas (70 km shell length). Analyses of net fluxes from seawater of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography showed a net uptake of all acidic, basic, and neutral amin ...
... ABSTRACT: Rates of uptake of dissolved amino acids were determined for axenic veliger larvae of the bivalve Crassostrea gigas (70 km shell length). Analyses of net fluxes from seawater of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography showed a net uptake of all acidic, basic, and neutral amin ...
Extraction and distribution of free amino acids and
... Glutamic acid and possibly ~-aminoglutaric acid were especially important in the anoxie sediments. At sorne of the localities, a close resemblance of the amino acid spectra in the overlying sea water to that of the sediment interstitial water was observed, which supports the idea that free amino aci ...
... Glutamic acid and possibly ~-aminoglutaric acid were especially important in the anoxie sediments. At sorne of the localities, a close resemblance of the amino acid spectra in the overlying sea water to that of the sediment interstitial water was observed, which supports the idea that free amino aci ...
Sugar amino acids and related molecules: Some recent developments
... (1) The rigid furan and pyran rings of these molecules make them ideal candidates as non-peptide scaffolds in peptidomimetics where they can be easily incorporated by using their carboxyl and amino termini utilizing well-developed solid-phase or solution-phase peptide synthesis methods. (2) At the s ...
... (1) The rigid furan and pyran rings of these molecules make them ideal candidates as non-peptide scaffolds in peptidomimetics where they can be easily incorporated by using their carboxyl and amino termini utilizing well-developed solid-phase or solution-phase peptide synthesis methods. (2) At the s ...
Amino acid
Amino acids (/əˈmiːnoʊ, ˈæmənoʊ, əˈmaɪnoʊ/) are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, usually along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues. Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.In biochemistry, amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups attached to the first (alpha-) carbon atom have particular importance. They are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula H2NCHRCOOH in most cases, where R is an organic substituent known as a ""side-chain""); often the term ""amino acid"" is used to refer specifically to these. They include the 22 proteinogenic (""protein-building"") amino acids, which combine into peptide chains (""polypeptides"") to form the building-blocks of a vast array of proteins. These are all L-stereoisomers (""left-handed"" isomers), although a few D-amino acids (""right-handed"") occur in bacterial envelopes and some antibiotics. Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as ""standard"" amino acids. The other three (""non-standard"" or ""non-canonical"") are selenocysteine (present in many noneukaryotes as well as most eukaryotes, but not coded directly by DNA), pyrrolysine (found only in some archea and one bacterium) and N-formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts). Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are encoded via variant codons; for example, selenocysteine is encoded by stop codon and SECIS element. Codon–tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to ""expand"" the genetic code and create novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating non-proteinogenic amino acids.Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids also play critical non-protein roles within the body. For example, in the human brain, glutamate (standard glutamic acid) and gamma-amino-butyric acid (""GABA"", non-standard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters; hydroxyproline (a major component of the connective tissue collagen) is synthesised from proline; the standard amino acid glycine is used to synthesise porphyrins used in red blood cells; and the non-standard carnitine is used in lipid transport.Nine proteinogenic amino acids are called ""essential"" for humans because they cannot be created from other compounds by the human body and, so, must be taken in as food. Others may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Essential amino acids may also differ between species.Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, and food technology. Industrial uses include the production of drugs, biodegradable plastics, and chiral catalysts.