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... mass). While both motivational and arousal states would alter activity in lower levels of the motor system through excitatory, permissive, or inhibitory influences, arousal systems would be multifunctional, while motivational states would be dedicated to a specific goal. In addition, the multifuncti ...
Slide outlines
Slide outlines

... • "My theory ... is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion. Common sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, and ...
Griggs Chapter 2: Neuroscience
Griggs Chapter 2: Neuroscience

... Drugs and poisons that increase the activity of one or more neurotransmitters ...
Cognition and Emotion November 12
Cognition and Emotion November 12

... • "My theory ... is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion. Common sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, and ...
Concepts of Neurobiology
Concepts of Neurobiology

...  Postsynaptic neuron: area of dendrite where receptor sites are located  Electrical impulses begins the process Autonomic Nervous System  Sympathetic: Dominates in stressful situations, prepares body for fight or flight  Parasympathic: Dominates when person is relaxed Neurotransmitters  Play an ...
Review Article The Neuro-Endocrine Regulation of Male Libido
Review Article The Neuro-Endocrine Regulation of Male Libido

... response are protection and performance. Sexual arousal comprises a particular subset of central nervous system arousal functions which depend on primitive, fundamental arousal mechanisms that cause generalized brain activity, but are manifest in a sociosexual context.As a subcategory sexual arousal ...
Neurotransmitter - Pamoja Education Blogs
Neurotransmitter - Pamoja Education Blogs

... Effect ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier
Slide 1 - Elsevier

... FIGURE 51.1 Normal and pathological brain states can be situated in a two-dimensional graph. Increasing levels of behaviorally determined arousal are plotted on the x-axis and the “richness” or “representational capacity of consciousness” is plotted on the y-axis. Increasing arousal can be measured ...
chapt. 10 ppt.
chapt. 10 ppt.

... The Brain’s Role in Emotion • Activity in the limbic system is important to the experience of emotion • Control over emotional and nonemotional facial expressions. • Hemispheric Differences – right hemisphere is more active in experiencing positive emotions ...
Supplemental Text Box 1 The Neurobiology of Arousal The defense
Supplemental Text Box 1 The Neurobiology of Arousal The defense

... The defense cascade starts with an increase in the level of arousal, when the danger or potential danger is first identified. Arousal is not just an increase in alertness. It includes bodily changes and a move away from homeostasis. The most important changes are autonomic and are mediated by an inc ...
CLA STUDIES REQUIREMENTS CLA STUDIES_3
CLA STUDIES REQUIREMENTS CLA STUDIES_3

...  Emotion is defined as having three components: a physiological change – also known as physiological arousal, a subjective interpretation of an experience and a behavioural response. seven universally recognized facial expressions: happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear, sadness and contempt (Pa ...
Chapter 13 pt. 2: Physiology of Emotion, Detecting Lies, and
Chapter 13 pt. 2: Physiology of Emotion, Detecting Lies, and

... is an adaptive emotion which helps prepare us for dangerous situations but which can also negatively impact us.  Some fears are more innate than others but there have been experiments which have shown fears can be learned. –Ex: Monkeys and snakes and Certain phobias ...
Definition of the limbic system
Definition of the limbic system

Intro to Motivation
Intro to Motivation

... 1. Natural selection acts on genes expressed in particular circumstances 2. Selection takes place at the individual level; it is not “survival” in the literal sense 3. Behaviors adaptive in one time or place may not be adaptive to others (affluence and food choice) ...
Intro to Motivation
Intro to Motivation

... 1. Natural selection acts on genes expressed in particular circumstances 2. Selection takes place at the individual level; it is not “survival” in the literal sense 3. Behaviors adaptive in one time or place may not be adaptive to others (affluence and food choice) ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 51.1 Normal and pathological brain
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 51.1 Normal and pathological brain

... pathologies of clinical relevance are associated with little to no conscious content. Modified from Laureys (2005). FIGURE 51.2 Midline structures in the brainstem and thalamus necessary to regulate the level of brain arousal include the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (ILN), the thalamic reticu ...
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Arousal

Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility and readiness to respond.There are many different neural systems involved in what is collectively known as the arousal system. Five major systems originating in the brainstem, with connections extending throughout the cortex, are based on the brain's neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin. When these systems are stimulated, they produce cortical activity and alertness. The Noradrenergic system is a bundle of axons that originate in the locus coeruleus and ascends up into the neocortex, limbic system, and basal forebrain. Most of the neurons are projected to the posterior cortex which is important with sensory information, and alertness. The activation of the locus coeruleus and release of norepinephrine causes wakefulness and increases vigilance. The neurons that project into the basal forebrain impact cholinergic neurons that results in a flood of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex.The Acetylcholinergic system has its neurons located in the pons and in the basal forebrain. Stimulation of these neurons result in cortical activity, shown from EEG records, and alertness. All of the other four neurotransmitters play a role in activating the acetylcholine neurons. Another arousal system is the dopaminergic system which releases dopamine that is produced by the substantia nigra. The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is important for control of mood and the nucleus accumbens signal excitement and arousal. The path terminating in the prefrontal cortex is important in regulating motor movements, especially reward oriented movements.The Serotonergic system which has almost all of its serotonergic neurons originating in the raphe nuclei. This system projects to the limbic system as well as the prefrontal cortex. Stimulation of these axons and release of serotonin causes cortical arousal and impacts locomotion as well as mood. The last system is the histamergenic system. The neurons are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons send pathways to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and the basal forebrain, where is stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex. All of these systems are very much linked and show similar redundancy. The pathways described are all ascending pathways, but there also arousal pathways that descend. One example is the Ventrolateral Preoptic area which release GABA inhibitors, which interrupt wakefulness and arousal. Neurotransmitters of the Arousal system such as Acetylcholine and norepinephrine work to inhibit the Ventrolateral preoptic area.
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