• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Influence of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Styles on
Influence of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Styles on

... arises that introverts are more sensitive to punishment and frustrative nonreward than are extraverts (Gray, 1970). Extraverts may also show greater sensitivity to reward learning. The two hypotheses that emerge are that introverts are more susceptible to conditioning and that extraverts are more su ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what

... The VLPO contains sleep neurons. Their axons form inhibitory synaptic connections with the brain’s arousal neurons, and inhibit them. When our VLPO sleep neurons become active and suppress the activity of our arousal neurons, we fall asleep. The sleep neurons in the VLPO themselves receive inhibitor ...
CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: THE
CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: THE

... findings was obtained by Soltysik, who has shown that the "indirect" connections of Wyrwicka were mediated by the drive or emotional tenter - fear center in defensive reflexes and hunger center in alimentary reflexes (Fig. 4, right). My present concept concerning instrumental conditioning is basical ...
James Robertson
James Robertson

...  What is the mechanism that inhibits sleep during arousal?  How does prolonged waking influence Orx neurons?  GABA  Primary (and most abundant) inhibitory neurotransmitter  Sleep-active GABA Neurons from around the hypothalamus innervate Orx neurons ...
Summary Ch - Dr. Allan N. Schore
Summary Ch - Dr. Allan N. Schore

... stabilization of novel forms of self-organization from lower order forms. Schore includes the ways in which the developing brain hierarchically self-organizes. Then the way in which “lower” autonomic and “higher” central brain systems become capable of generating and then regulating psychobiologic s ...
(15 pages pdf)
(15 pages pdf)

... whether it is unitary or whether there are different types of behavior-specific arousal has not been clear. In Drosophila, dopamine promotes sleep-wake arousal. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding its influence on environmentally stimulated arousal. Here we show that loss-of-function mu ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep

... of wake-sleep cycle • Consciousness–awareness of environment and self = two aspects: 1. content of consciousness- representing cognitive mental functions that reflect the activity of the cerebral cortex 2. arousal and wakefulness –dependent on the reticular activating system and its projections whic ...
Glutamate
Glutamate

... • Female monkeys (reared this way) were very poor mothers, especially with first born. Their behaviors were timid, emotionally over excitable. • No type of conventional therapy (not drugs) provided any long-lasting restoration of normal social function. • The most effective approach was exposure to ...
Feeding in an Artificial Insect
Feeding in an Artificial Insect

... also proven to be essential for explaining the behavior of simpler animals as well. Unfortunately, the explanatory utility of these internal factors is limited by the fact that they are hypothetical constructs, inferred by the theorist to intervene between stimulus and action in order to account for ...
Lecture 7 Rhythms of the Brain
Lecture 7 Rhythms of the Brain

... – REM deprivation interferes with learning tasks. – Non-REM deprivation does not interfere with the same learning tasks. ...
Neurons and Neurotransmitters
Neurons and Neurotransmitters

... are chemicals that carry messages across the synapse. They influence whether another neural impulse will take place. (Epilepsy video) ...
The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions
The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions

... muscles are relaxed; arousal is difficult ...
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder

... He became extravagant and anti-social, a fullmouth and a liar with bad manners, and could no longer hold a job or plan his future. He was quick to anger and often got into fights. "The equilibrium between his intellectual faculties and animal propensities seems to have been destroyed.” - Harlow ...
persistent sexual arousal syndrome (psas)
persistent sexual arousal syndrome (psas)

... or by chronically elevated sexual arousal due to a hormone related disorder. Women in this category would have PSAS beginning at the time of menopause, or would have increased PSAS symptoms during a specific phase of the menstrual cycle (usually for a few days before the onset of the menstrual perio ...
Modeling Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive-Affective Interaction Abninder Litt () Chris Eliasmith ()
Modeling Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive-Affective Interaction Abninder Litt () Chris Eliasmith ()

... A key advantage of opponent systems for positive and negative reward prediction error is that we can distinctly calibrate outputs from these systems to other brain areas. Because prediction error is in effect a measurement of surprise, we hypothesize that one target of such outputs is the amygdala, ...
Attack and Escape Behaviors
Attack and Escape Behaviors

... same degree as prior to their injury ...
neuron
neuron

... between the axon which is sending the signal and the dendrite which is receiving the signal. •  At the ends of the axon, the terminal buttons release neurotransmitters: which are chemical messengers that bind together neurons and influence whether another neural impulse will take place. ...
The Spanish adaptation of ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words)
The Spanish adaptation of ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words)

... not align themselves with this tendency. For instance, one could choose pleasant words with neutral arousal (e.g., madre [mother], valence: 8.19; arousal: 5.19) and/or unpleasant words with intermediate arousal (e.g., funeral [funeral], valence: 1.48; arousal: 5.06). We also tried to find if cultura ...
2 - New Page 1
2 - New Page 1

... • Dream mood, anxiety, imaginativeness, expressiveness positively correlated with waking state the daily residue ...
Table 13 - Angelfire
Table 13 - Angelfire

... A. Activation Theory of Emotion {Lindsey}  Holds that emotion is associated with the activity of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is part of the brain stem  A continuum is seen to exist from coma and sleep at the low end of the scale, through waking and attentive behaviors  This contin ...
Energy balance
Energy balance

... Light/Dark cycle ...
Abstract
Abstract

... sleeping for a while, we can wake up naturally. However, the mechanism regulating sleep/wakefulness cycle has not been completely understood so far, while it appears to be regulated by neurons in the hypothalamus. Orexin, also called hypocretin is a neuropeptide recently identified as a natural liga ...
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters

... Black out or binge drinkers seek the feeling of numbness when they use alcohol in excess Too much=psychotic, hallucinations Too little=clinically depressed ...
EXAM 1 Study Guide
EXAM 1 Study Guide

... 2) specific stimuli: habituation is stimulus-specific; that is, it occurs for specific stimuli. If the stimulus is changed, habituation slows down or does not occur. 3) chemical changes: is believed to be associated with a chemical change in the interneurons rather than previously thought change in ...
Emotions and Memory - Stanford Law School
Emotions and Memory - Stanford Law School

... phase1 phase2 phase1 phase2 ...
< 1 2 3 4 >

Arousal

Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility and readiness to respond.There are many different neural systems involved in what is collectively known as the arousal system. Five major systems originating in the brainstem, with connections extending throughout the cortex, are based on the brain's neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin. When these systems are stimulated, they produce cortical activity and alertness. The Noradrenergic system is a bundle of axons that originate in the locus coeruleus and ascends up into the neocortex, limbic system, and basal forebrain. Most of the neurons are projected to the posterior cortex which is important with sensory information, and alertness. The activation of the locus coeruleus and release of norepinephrine causes wakefulness and increases vigilance. The neurons that project into the basal forebrain impact cholinergic neurons that results in a flood of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex.The Acetylcholinergic system has its neurons located in the pons and in the basal forebrain. Stimulation of these neurons result in cortical activity, shown from EEG records, and alertness. All of the other four neurotransmitters play a role in activating the acetylcholine neurons. Another arousal system is the dopaminergic system which releases dopamine that is produced by the substantia nigra. The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is important for control of mood and the nucleus accumbens signal excitement and arousal. The path terminating in the prefrontal cortex is important in regulating motor movements, especially reward oriented movements.The Serotonergic system which has almost all of its serotonergic neurons originating in the raphe nuclei. This system projects to the limbic system as well as the prefrontal cortex. Stimulation of these axons and release of serotonin causes cortical arousal and impacts locomotion as well as mood. The last system is the histamergenic system. The neurons are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons send pathways to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and the basal forebrain, where is stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex. All of these systems are very much linked and show similar redundancy. The pathways described are all ascending pathways, but there also arousal pathways that descend. One example is the Ventrolateral Preoptic area which release GABA inhibitors, which interrupt wakefulness and arousal. Neurotransmitters of the Arousal system such as Acetylcholine and norepinephrine work to inhibit the Ventrolateral preoptic area.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report