Unruh Effect in Closed String Theory
... We have already obtained the solution of Klein-Gordon eq. in Minkowski Space-time. If we can represent the solution of Klein-Gordon eq. in Rindler space-time by the combination of the solutions of Klein-Gordon eq. in Minkowski space-time, it would be OK! Minkowski ...
... We have already obtained the solution of Klein-Gordon eq. in Minkowski Space-time. If we can represent the solution of Klein-Gordon eq. in Rindler space-time by the combination of the solutions of Klein-Gordon eq. in Minkowski space-time, it would be OK! Minkowski ...
10 Supersymmetric gauge dynamics: N = 1 10.1 Confinement and
... of the condensate (10.6). The condensate breaks spontaneously the Z2F symmetry down to Z2 , but this does not give rise to any massless particle. The ⌘ 0 has a periodic potential with F minima, each of them being Z2 invariant, and related one another by ZF rotations. These minima are not isolated, t ...
... of the condensate (10.6). The condensate breaks spontaneously the Z2F symmetry down to Z2 , but this does not give rise to any massless particle. The ⌘ 0 has a periodic potential with F minima, each of them being Z2 invariant, and related one another by ZF rotations. These minima are not isolated, t ...
THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
... Subatomic particles all live in the domain of physics where spins and actions are comparable to Planck’s constant h̄. One obviously needs Quantum Mechanics to describe them. Since the energies available in sub-atomic interactions are comparable to, and often larger than, the rest mass energy mc2 of ...
... Subatomic particles all live in the domain of physics where spins and actions are comparable to Planck’s constant h̄. One obviously needs Quantum Mechanics to describe them. Since the energies available in sub-atomic interactions are comparable to, and often larger than, the rest mass energy mc2 of ...
The BEH Mechanism and its Scalar Boson by François Englert
... of the original symmetry is always a discontinuous event at the phase transition point, but the order parameters may set in continuously as a function of temperature. In the latter case the phase transition is second order. Symmetry breaking by a second order phase transition occurs in particular in ...
... of the original symmetry is always a discontinuous event at the phase transition point, but the order parameters may set in continuously as a function of temperature. In the latter case the phase transition is second order. Symmetry breaking by a second order phase transition occurs in particular in ...
Broken symmetry revisited - Homepages of UvA/FNWI staff
... one may try to prove the existence of the corresponding classical solutions by functional analytic methods or just by explicit construction of particular solutions. On the other hand, one may in many cases determine the dimension of the solution or moduli space and its dependence on the topological ...
... one may try to prove the existence of the corresponding classical solutions by functional analytic methods or just by explicit construction of particular solutions. On the other hand, one may in many cases determine the dimension of the solution or moduli space and its dependence on the topological ...
PPT
... Using any charge particle, we can perform a Aharonov like interference around the string. The effects of the string to the phase is just like a thin solenoid: ...
... Using any charge particle, we can perform a Aharonov like interference around the string. The effects of the string to the phase is just like a thin solenoid: ...
Chern-Simons Inflation and Baryogenesis?
... comprises of a plasma of gauge fields and fermionic currents (as opposed to non-zero scalar density). - Energy density of universe dominated by gauge-fermion interaction energy. ...
... comprises of a plasma of gauge fields and fermionic currents (as opposed to non-zero scalar density). - Energy density of universe dominated by gauge-fermion interaction energy. ...
Quantum orders in an exact soluble model
... are described by their ground state wave functions which are complex functions of infinite variables. Thus it is not surprising that FQH states contain addition structures (or a new kind of orders) that cannot be described by broken symmetries and the Landau’s theory. From this point of view, we see ...
... are described by their ground state wave functions which are complex functions of infinite variables. Thus it is not surprising that FQH states contain addition structures (or a new kind of orders) that cannot be described by broken symmetries and the Landau’s theory. From this point of view, we see ...
Gauge fixing
In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing or ignoring these unphysical degrees of freedom.Although the unphysical axes in the space of detailed configurations are a fundamental property of the physical model, there is no special set of directions ""perpendicular"" to them. Hence there is an enormous amount of freedom involved in taking a ""cross section"" representing each physical configuration by a particular detailed configuration (or even a weighted distribution of them). Judicious gauge fixing can simplify calculations immensely, but becomes progressively harder as the physical model becomes more realistic; its application to quantum field theory is fraught with complications related to renormalization, especially when the computation is continued to higher orders. Historically, the search for logically consistent and computationally tractable gauge fixing procedures, and efforts to demonstrate their equivalence in the face of a bewildering variety of technical difficulties, has been a major driver of mathematical physics from the late nineteenth century to the present.