The Beh-MechaNiSM, iNTeracTioNS wiTh ShorT
... of providing a fully rigorous theory. In the language of particle physics the breaking of a local gauge symmetry, when a normal metal becomes superconducting, gives rise to a finite mass for the photon field inside the superconductor. The conjugate length scale is nothing but the London penetration ...
... of providing a fully rigorous theory. In the language of particle physics the breaking of a local gauge symmetry, when a normal metal becomes superconducting, gives rise to a finite mass for the photon field inside the superconductor. The conjugate length scale is nothing but the London penetration ...
The Family Problem: Extension of Standard Model with a
... More than twenty years ago I was curious by the absence of the Higgs mechanism in the strong interactions but not in the weak interaction sector[1] – a question still remains unanswered till today. A renormalizable gauge theory that does not have to be massless is already reputed by ‘t Hooft and oth ...
... More than twenty years ago I was curious by the absence of the Higgs mechanism in the strong interactions but not in the weak interaction sector[1] – a question still remains unanswered till today. A renormalizable gauge theory that does not have to be massless is already reputed by ‘t Hooft and oth ...
PS - USTC, ICTS
... • The light cone gauge invariant extension is not physical one, because it includes unphysical pure gauge part and the residual gauge degree of freedom. • Only in light cone gauge, the Jaffe-Bashinsky gluon spin operator can be related to gluon spin and so can the measured gluon helicity distributi ...
... • The light cone gauge invariant extension is not physical one, because it includes unphysical pure gauge part and the residual gauge degree of freedom. • Only in light cone gauge, the Jaffe-Bashinsky gluon spin operator can be related to gluon spin and so can the measured gluon helicity distributi ...
The Evolution of Quantum Field Theory, From QED to Grand
... be treated as a quantum field theory, and how its interactions have to be renormalized, without jeopardising the local symmetry structure. This meant that one cannot simply say that ∞ − ∞ = something finite, but one has to establish how these finite expressions reflect the correct symmetry structur ...
... be treated as a quantum field theory, and how its interactions have to be renormalized, without jeopardising the local symmetry structure. This meant that one cannot simply say that ∞ − ∞ = something finite, but one has to establish how these finite expressions reflect the correct symmetry structur ...
The boundary conditions
... non-Abelian gauge fields theories. Exchanging E and B fields is still possible in these theories but the real problem is if such transformations are canonical or not. It is shown that these are not canonical transformations for the non-Ableian cases by Deser et. al. long ago. • Recently, however, it ...
... non-Abelian gauge fields theories. Exchanging E and B fields is still possible in these theories but the real problem is if such transformations are canonical or not. It is shown that these are not canonical transformations for the non-Ableian cases by Deser et. al. long ago. • Recently, however, it ...
How to create a universe - Philsci
... Inflationary cosmology postulates that there was a period in our universe’s early history during which gravitation became effectively repulsive, and the universe consequently underwent exponential expansion (see Blau and Guth, 1987). Under inflationary expansion, the energy density ρ is positive and ...
... Inflationary cosmology postulates that there was a period in our universe’s early history during which gravitation became effectively repulsive, and the universe consequently underwent exponential expansion (see Blau and Guth, 1987). Under inflationary expansion, the energy density ρ is positive and ...
Pair production processes and flavor in gauge
... [1–4]. In the electroweak sector, this leads to an apparent contradiction. Strictly speaking, the elementary particles, i.e., the fields of the Lagrangian, the Higgs, the gauge bosons, but also the fermions, are not gaugeinvariant states [1–3]. However, treating them like they would be in perturbati ...
... [1–4]. In the electroweak sector, this leads to an apparent contradiction. Strictly speaking, the elementary particles, i.e., the fields of the Lagrangian, the Higgs, the gauge bosons, but also the fermions, are not gaugeinvariant states [1–3]. However, treating them like they would be in perturbati ...
Supersymmetry as a probe of the topology of manifolds
... see later, given a N=2 supersymmetric theory, we can construct a topological field theory from it. Donaldson theory is the topological field theory obtained from the weak coupling limit of N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills. Seiberg and Witten’s result implied that we could also study the theory in its s ...
... see later, given a N=2 supersymmetric theory, we can construct a topological field theory from it. Donaldson theory is the topological field theory obtained from the weak coupling limit of N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills. Seiberg and Witten’s result implied that we could also study the theory in its s ...
Lecture notes
... Summary of Physics Beyond the Standard Model • There are many ideas for scenarios with new physics! Most of our thinking has been guided by the hierarchy problem • They must obey the symmetries of the SM • They are testable at the LHC • We are as ready for the LHC as we will ever be • The most like ...
... Summary of Physics Beyond the Standard Model • There are many ideas for scenarios with new physics! Most of our thinking has been guided by the hierarchy problem • They must obey the symmetries of the SM • They are testable at the LHC • We are as ready for the LHC as we will ever be • The most like ...
SYMMETRIES IN PHYSICS: Philosophical Reflections
... The formal context of Noether’s theorems is Lagrangian field theory wherein equations of motion are obtained through a variational procedure (Hamilton’s principle) from the action integral, S = L d x. Noether’s theorems are discussed in detail in Earman (2002) and Brading and Brown (this volume). N ...
... The formal context of Noether’s theorems is Lagrangian field theory wherein equations of motion are obtained through a variational procedure (Hamilton’s principle) from the action integral, S = L d x. Noether’s theorems are discussed in detail in Earman (2002) and Brading and Brown (this volume). N ...
Physics through Extra Dimensions: On Dualities, Unification, and Pair Production
... four dimensional physics is known as Kaluza-Klein reduction or compactification. The extra dimensions form a space known as the internal space or compactification manifold. Various quantities in four dimensions are given by properties of this space. For example, masses of particles as seen by the fo ...
... four dimensional physics is known as Kaluza-Klein reduction or compactification. The extra dimensions form a space known as the internal space or compactification manifold. Various quantities in four dimensions are given by properties of this space. For example, masses of particles as seen by the fo ...
Lecture Notes on the Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics
... Since Aµ is the derivative ∂ µ of a scalar function, this solution corresponds to vanishing electromagnetic fields, F µν = 0, it can be eliminated by a gauge transformation (1.11), it is unphysical: a potential corresponding to identically zero electromagnetic fields. The other two independent solut ...
... Since Aµ is the derivative ∂ µ of a scalar function, this solution corresponds to vanishing electromagnetic fields, F µν = 0, it can be eliminated by a gauge transformation (1.11), it is unphysical: a potential corresponding to identically zero electromagnetic fields. The other two independent solut ...
Gauge fixing
In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing or ignoring these unphysical degrees of freedom.Although the unphysical axes in the space of detailed configurations are a fundamental property of the physical model, there is no special set of directions ""perpendicular"" to them. Hence there is an enormous amount of freedom involved in taking a ""cross section"" representing each physical configuration by a particular detailed configuration (or even a weighted distribution of them). Judicious gauge fixing can simplify calculations immensely, but becomes progressively harder as the physical model becomes more realistic; its application to quantum field theory is fraught with complications related to renormalization, especially when the computation is continued to higher orders. Historically, the search for logically consistent and computationally tractable gauge fixing procedures, and efforts to demonstrate their equivalence in the face of a bewildering variety of technical difficulties, has been a major driver of mathematical physics from the late nineteenth century to the present.