Fractionalization, Topological Order, and
... quantum numbers with respect to the elementary particles (such as electrons), in a strongly correlated system. The notion of fractionalization is not only fascinating in itself, but also has been related to other intriguing concepts in theoretical physics as discussed in the following. At present, s ...
... quantum numbers with respect to the elementary particles (such as electrons), in a strongly correlated system. The notion of fractionalization is not only fascinating in itself, but also has been related to other intriguing concepts in theoretical physics as discussed in the following. At present, s ...
PPT
... • The above relation tell us that the nucleon spin can be either solely attributed to the quark Pauli spin, as did in the last thirty years in CQM, and the nonrelativistic quark orbital angular momentum does not contribute to the nucleon spin; or • part of the nucleon spin is attributed to the rela ...
... • The above relation tell us that the nucleon spin can be either solely attributed to the quark Pauli spin, as did in the last thirty years in CQM, and the nonrelativistic quark orbital angular momentum does not contribute to the nucleon spin; or • part of the nucleon spin is attributed to the rela ...
A Chapter in Physical Mathematics: Theory of Knots in the Sciences
... The title of the paper is the result of my discussions with Prof. Dr. Eberhard Zeidler and I would like to thank him for his continued interest in my work. This work was supported in part by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Firenze and by the Max P ...
... The title of the paper is the result of my discussions with Prof. Dr. Eberhard Zeidler and I would like to thank him for his continued interest in my work. This work was supported in part by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Firenze and by the Max P ...
In search of symmetry lost
... The gauge system is constructed as the embodiment of extensive symmetries involving transformations among different kinds of ‘colour’ degrees of freedom. Colour used in this sense has nothing to do with optical phenomena; rather, it is a generalization of the concept of electromagnetic charge. Quant ...
... The gauge system is constructed as the embodiment of extensive symmetries involving transformations among different kinds of ‘colour’ degrees of freedom. Colour used in this sense has nothing to do with optical phenomena; rather, it is a generalization of the concept of electromagnetic charge. Quant ...
Script
... with the Lorentz transformations – rotations and boosts – and the four associated with translations. Quantum mechanics describes the time evolution of a system with interactions, and that evolution is generated by the Hamiltonian. However, if the theory is formulated with an interacting Hamiltonian ...
... with the Lorentz transformations – rotations and boosts – and the four associated with translations. Quantum mechanics describes the time evolution of a system with interactions, and that evolution is generated by the Hamiltonian. However, if the theory is formulated with an interacting Hamiltonian ...
L scher.pdf
... transition matrix elements. The technique is not universally applicable, however, and quantities like the inelastic proton-proton scattering cross-section or the nucleon structure functions at small angles remain inaccessible. ...
... transition matrix elements. The technique is not universally applicable, however, and quantities like the inelastic proton-proton scattering cross-section or the nucleon structure functions at small angles remain inaccessible. ...
String Theory 101 - King`s College London
... has quite a few parameters which are only fixed by experimental observation. What fixes these? It postulates a certain spectrum of fundamental particle states but why these? In particular these particle states form three families, each of which is a copy of the others, differing only in their masses ...
... has quite a few parameters which are only fixed by experimental observation. What fixes these? It postulates a certain spectrum of fundamental particle states but why these? In particular these particle states form three families, each of which is a copy of the others, differing only in their masses ...
Graviton physics - ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst
... probe B[2]. However, despite this obvious parallel, examination of quantum mechanics texts reveals that (with one exception[3]) the case of graviton interactions is not discussed in any detail. There are at least three reasons for this situation: i) the graviton is a spin-two particle, as opposed to ...
... probe B[2]. However, despite this obvious parallel, examination of quantum mechanics texts reveals that (with one exception[3]) the case of graviton interactions is not discussed in any detail. There are at least three reasons for this situation: i) the graviton is a spin-two particle, as opposed to ...
Review on Nucleon Spin Structure
... on the full quantum version in the covariant gauge. • E. Leader’s proposal: gauge non-invariant operators might have gauge invariant matrix elements for physical states. We studied this approach in 1998. X.S. Chen and Fan Wang, Gauge invariance and hadron ...
... on the full quantum version in the covariant gauge. • E. Leader’s proposal: gauge non-invariant operators might have gauge invariant matrix elements for physical states. We studied this approach in 1998. X.S. Chen and Fan Wang, Gauge invariance and hadron ...
Gauge fixing
In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing or ignoring these unphysical degrees of freedom.Although the unphysical axes in the space of detailed configurations are a fundamental property of the physical model, there is no special set of directions ""perpendicular"" to them. Hence there is an enormous amount of freedom involved in taking a ""cross section"" representing each physical configuration by a particular detailed configuration (or even a weighted distribution of them). Judicious gauge fixing can simplify calculations immensely, but becomes progressively harder as the physical model becomes more realistic; its application to quantum field theory is fraught with complications related to renormalization, especially when the computation is continued to higher orders. Historically, the search for logically consistent and computationally tractable gauge fixing procedures, and efforts to demonstrate their equivalence in the face of a bewildering variety of technical difficulties, has been a major driver of mathematical physics from the late nineteenth century to the present.