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SHEAR WALL Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal
SHEAR WALL Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal

... Load bearing masonry is very brittle material. Due to different kinds of stresses such as shear, tensile..etc. Caused by the earthquakes the conventional unreinforced brick masonry collapses instantly during the unpredictable and sudden earthquakes. The RCC framed structures are slender. When compar ...
Construction Techniques Survey in Palestinian Territories
Construction Techniques Survey in Palestinian Territories

... flag stone roofing is usually less than the slope of the screed mortar The stone was of unequal rectangular shapes .I-beams with concrete slab as well as all types of vaults are associated with this type of roof. This type of roofing is suitable to resist all the extremes of weather conditions in Pa ...
3. The elements of the buildings` envelope
3. The elements of the buildings` envelope

... Low fire and explosion hazard Good physical properties, strong enough not to be damaged during handling High resistance to water and vapour penetration Good durability, the material should not shrink or deteriorate under the influence of weather or insects Chemical resistance No hazard to health ...
Building WF16: construction of a PPNA pisé structure in Southern
Building WF16: construction of a PPNA pisé structure in Southern

... level around the structure above its semi-subterranean part. It is not clear if this was a structural feature, but the sediment appeared too loose to have been derived from roof or wall wash. In addition to future microstratigraphic analyses, the experimental work reported here (see below) is design ...
curtainwall: metaphor or transmaterialization
curtainwall: metaphor or transmaterialization

... What is a curtainwall? Is the term purely a metaphor, or have tapestries and rugs of years past transformed themselves into glass, aluminum and steel? As the AEC industry moves towards more complex geometries, it is time to look to textiles once again for inspiration. “If clothing is an extension of ...
disaster resistance earthquakes and structures
disaster resistance earthquakes and structures

... Band or ring beam – A reinforced concrete or reinforced brick runner, which ties all the walls together. It imparts the horizontal bending of the walls. Box system – A structure made of a load bearing masonry wall without a space frame. The walls, acting as shear walls, are resisting the horizontal ...
Testing Building Envelope Systems Using Infrared Thermography
Testing Building Envelope Systems Using Infrared Thermography

... EIFS systems. Inspections are best conducted in the early evening from the outside after a sunny day with little or no wind. It may also be possible to locate moisture from inside during cooling or heating conditions. The expanded foam insulation boards tend to become more absorbent to water over ti ...
and “Gaioleiros” buildings - Técnico Lisboa
and “Gaioleiros” buildings - Técnico Lisboa

... “Pombalinos”   buildings   are   characterised   by   their   low   cost,   sturdiness,   uniformity   and   simplicity,   as   they   arose   as   a   response   to   the   needs   of   urban   reconstruction   following   the  1755  quake.   ...
the Rise of Collegiate Gothic Architecture at American Universities
the Rise of Collegiate Gothic Architecture at American Universities

... incorporated modern materials such as reinforced and unreinforced masonry, reinforced and plain ...
ITALIAN ANTI-SEISMIC LEGISLATION AND BUILDING
ITALIAN ANTI-SEISMIC LEGISLATION AND BUILDING

... their municipalities”. Title III deals with repairs and ordinary building types, but also includes a series of criteria intended to bring existing buildings into line with the standards to be applied to new construction. Art. 33 requires that “Buildings that have been fissured and were not construct ...
Design of high-rise buildings: past, present and future
Design of high-rise buildings: past, present and future

... A building can be characterized as “tall” based on its absolute height, its relative height to the surrounding, or its slenderness. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitats designates heights of 200m, 300m and 600m as the thresholds for “tall”, “super tall” and “mega tall” status (CTBUH 2010 ...
- Science Publishing Corporation
- Science Publishing Corporation

... The masonry walls are considered homogeneous based on Eurocode 6 equations [12]. The assumed homogenized properties of the masonry walls and dimensions are typical for old traditional stone buildings. The following properties are used: the thickness of the stone wall is 60 cm, the density 2,100 kg/m ...
Read full article - Scientific Papers Series “Management, Economic
Read full article - Scientific Papers Series “Management, Economic

... meter is higher for Ytong A +, the final price per square meter of wall made of Ytong A + will be lower than the one the made with effective brick", or so they claim. Also, one must not overlook the additional costs stemming from the building load (heavier walls cause higher costs in the composition ...
Structural Vulnerability Assessment: St. Kitts/Nevis
Structural Vulnerability Assessment: St. Kitts/Nevis

... Vulnerability to damage due to earthquake was assessed using the procedure developed by A F Hassan and M A Sozen of Purdue University. This procedure is explained in detail in a paper titled “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Low-Rise Buildings in Regions with Infrequent Earthquakes” which was pub ...
***** 1
***** 1

... outwards . One of these decisions on the arrangement of the capital was the project " New Ring of Moscow". It is based on the principle of polycentric development of the metropolis. Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov took on this tough position - the center of the capital turned into a concrete jungle is imp ...
Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

... however, for the buildings constructed in Gyumry, 20mm-thick foam-plastic and 50 to 100mm-thick slag layers were put. ...
Construction Type Guidelines
Construction Type Guidelines

... Note: For ATC 3, the building type would not have a structural frame. ...


... modifying building to provide the required stability include bracing, shear walls, moment resisting connections or a combination of any two or the three options [6, 7]. Bracing systems help buildings to resist lateral forces, but they are designed to yield first in shear or bending in localised ‘sei ...
Manja Kitek Kuzman, Mirko Kariž, Martina
Manja Kitek Kuzman, Mirko Kariž, Martina

... the following introduced changes: transition from on-site construction to prefabrication in a factory, transition from elementary measures to modular building and development from a single-panel to a macro-panel wall prefabricated panel system. All of these greatly improve the speed of building. In ...
Hidden Intricacies: The Development of Modern Building Skeletons
Hidden Intricacies: The Development of Modern Building Skeletons

... construction and continued existence, there are five engineering criteria for the structure of a building. These criteria — gravity resistance, lateral-load resistance, provision of useful interior floors, enclosure against the weather, and passive fire protection — vary in importance with the build ...
Wood Handbook, Chapter 17: Use of Wood in Buildings and Bridges
Wood Handbook, Chapter 17: Use of Wood in Buildings and Bridges

... walls. The exterior surface of the foundation wall below grade is draped with a continuous moisture barrier to prevent direct water contact with the wall panels. The backfill must be designed to permit easy drainage and provide drainage from the lowest level of the foundation. Because a foundation w ...
Basic Real Estate Appraisal - Lecture Outline for Chapter 07
Basic Real Estate Appraisal - Lecture Outline for Chapter 07

... windows that do not extend to floor level. Most condominium units are measured using interior dimensions. Commercial buildings may require both interior and exterior measurements, the former to determine the rentable space. Per FNMA and FHA guidelines, the gross living area of detached homes include ...
Seismic Pushover Analysis of `Gaioleiro` Buildings in Lisbon
Seismic Pushover Analysis of `Gaioleiro` Buildings in Lisbon

... The ‘Gaioleiro’ of buildings follows the ‘Pombalino’ buildings built after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and characterized by the design of seismic resistant structures such as the ‘gaiola pombalina’, a detailed timber truss used to reinforce the masonry walls above the first floor (Meireles, 2012). A ...
RICS Dampness Factsheet
RICS Dampness Factsheet

... Cavity walls work by having an air gap to isolate the inside of the house from the outer skin of brickwork. The cavity face, outer brickwork leaf, will be wet during heavy rain and this is quite normal. Any water running down inside the cavity should be able to get out at the bottom of the wall, or ...
building condition assessment and defect analysis on heritage
building condition assessment and defect analysis on heritage

... condition. Defects  and  damages  in  the  building are common phenomenon to  building  mostly. Defects  can be referred to fault on something that detract from perfection, whilst building damage can be seen  when any structure, material, equipment and also element of the building was not fully func ...
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Earthbag construction

Earthbag construction is an inexpensive method to create structures which are both strong and can be quickly built. It is a natural building technique that evolved from historic military bunker construction techniques and temporary flood-control dike building methods. The technique requires very basic construction materials: sturdy sacks, filled with inorganic material usually available on site. Standard earthbag fill material has internal stability. Either moist subsoil that contains enough clay to become cohesive when tamped, or an angular gravel or crushed volcanic rock is used. (Sandbag structures with sand fills are an alternative technology and require very different construction details). Walls are gradually built up by laying the bags in courses — forming a staggered pattern similar to bricklaying.The walls can be curved or straight, domed with earth or topped with conventional roofs. Curved walls provide good lateral stability, forming round rooms and/ or domed ceilings like an igloo. Buildings with straight walls longer than 5 m (16.4 ft) in length need either intersecting walls or bracing buttresses or piers added. International standards exist for bracing wall size and spacing for earthen construction in different types of seismic risk areas, most notably the performance-based standards of New Zealand recommended by the ASTM International in their Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems E2392 / E2392M – 10e1). Until more complete structural testing is available to correlate earthbag bracing need and performance to adobe, cement-stabilized buttresses and mortar anchors to hold barbed wire at stress points can be used for public buildings in high seismic risk areas.To improve both friction between each row of bags and finished wall tensile strength barbed wire is often placed between the courses. Twine is also sometimes wrapped around the bags to tie one course to the next, serving to hold the in-progress structure together and add strength. Rebar can easily be hammered into walls to strengthen corners and opening edges and provide more resistance against overturning. The structure is typically finished with plaster, stucco or adobe both to shed water and to prevent any degradation from solar radiation. This construction technique can be used for emergency shelters, temporary or permanent housing and barns. It is frequently chosen for many small-to-medium-sized institutional structures in the developing world.
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