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Muslim Achievements
Muslim Achievements

... After Muhammad died, many Muslims believed that Islam should be led by a relative of Muhammad. These Muslims eventually split and formed their own branch of Islam. Today they are called Shias or Shiites. Muslims who believe that Islam should be led by a person who has been elected by the religions ...
Christians and Jews in the Muslim World
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... financial burden, the jizya affected the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims, and caused some local conflicts and resistance. In one instance, the Banu Taghlib, an influential mostly Christian Arab tribe, refused to pay the jizya to the Muslim caliph ‘Umar since they saw it unreasonable and ...
Historiography in India - ScholarWorks at WMU
Historiography in India - ScholarWorks at WMU

... together all the tradition recording events for as far back as any one could remember, and suppose one even called in legends to extend the time span of the story, the whole result would, never theless, be concerned with a sequence of events taking place with in the present dispensation. Taken by it ...
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... liberty questions, which is consistent with broad liberal constitutional discourse. His approach is modern and tends not to emphasize or deconstruct covert power structures within legal texts. Sunder, in contrast, associates the Enlightenment, and liberalism generally, with the instrumentalities of ...
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After Muhammad`s death in 632 CE, the Rashidun (632

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Islam - Islamism - Konrad-Adenauer
Islam - Islamism - Konrad-Adenauer

... The much-cited term of jihad, which is incorrectly translated as “Holy War”, illustrates the inherent problems in exemplary fashion. Words with the root ğ-h-d, which jihad is derived from, appear a total of 35 times in the Quran in 28 different verses, mostly in the context of struggle or striving. ...
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World History, Chapter 10, Section 1 PPT

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Islam, Judaism & Christianity
Islam, Judaism & Christianity

... • Islam is the second most popular religion in the world with over a billion followers. • Islam began in Arabia and was revealed to humanity by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). • Those who follow Islam are called Muslims. • Muslims believe that there is only one God, called Allah, who speak ...
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Arab 650 CE – 1800 CE

... The great city of Cordoba was established by Muslims in the early 8th century and by the 10th century exceeded a population of 500,000 people. During the 11th century, Christian groups evolved that rebelled against Islamic rulers which resulted in tension. Muslims held power up to the 13 century, bu ...
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Islam and secularism



The definition and application of secularism, especially the place of religion in society, varies among Muslim countries as it does among European countries and the United States. Secularism is often used to describe the separation of public life and civil/government matters from religious teachings and commandments, or simply the separation of religion and politics. Secularism in Muslim countries is often contrasted with Islamism, and secularists tend to seek to promote secular political and social values as opposed to Islamic ones. Among western scholars and Muslim intellectuals, there are some debates over secularism which include the understanding of political and religious authorities in the Islamic world and the means and degree of application of sharia in legal system of the state.As the concept of secularism varies among secularists in the Muslim world, reactions of Muslim intellectuals to the pressure of secularization also varies. On the one hand, secularism is condemned by some Muslim intellectuals who do not feel that religious influence should be removed from the public sphere. On the other hand, secularism is claimed by others to be compatible with Islam. For example, the quest for secularism has inspired some Muslim scholars who argue that secular government is the best way to observe sharia; ""enforcing [sharia] through coercive power of the state negates its religious nature, because Muslims would be observing the law of the state and not freely performing their religious obligation as Muslims"" says Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, a professor of law at Emory University and author of Islam and the secular state : negotiating the future of Shariʻa. Moreover, some scholars argue that secular states have existed in the Muslim world since the Middle Ages.Nevertheless, many Muslim-majority countries define themselves as or are regarded as secular, and many of them have a dual system in which Muslims can bring familial and financial disputes to sharia courts. The exact jurisdiction of these courts varies from country to country, but usually includes marriage, divorce, inheritance, and guardianship.
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