Regulation of Translation by Essential Amino Acids and Glucose in
... Table 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of total mixed ration........................................... 29 Table 2. Antibodies used for primary incubation of bovine mammary and muscle proteins....... 34 Table 3. Primer sequences for qPCR in bovine mammary and muscle tissue..................... ...
... Table 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of total mixed ration........................................... 29 Table 2. Antibodies used for primary incubation of bovine mammary and muscle proteins....... 34 Table 3. Primer sequences for qPCR in bovine mammary and muscle tissue..................... ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY A profusion of upstream open reading
... AdoMetDC mRNA led to disrupted polyamine homeostasis and abnormal plant growth and development (17,18). The small uORF is sequence-dependent and the sequence is well conserved in land plants. Its function is to inhibit downstream translation (17,19). In contrast, the tiny uORF is not inhibitory and ...
... AdoMetDC mRNA led to disrupted polyamine homeostasis and abnormal plant growth and development (17,18). The small uORF is sequence-dependent and the sequence is well conserved in land plants. Its function is to inhibit downstream translation (17,19). In contrast, the tiny uORF is not inhibitory and ...
Basic Science for Clinicians
... of AMPK.25 AMP binding also exposes an important regulatory site (Thr172) in the catalytic ␣ subunit and promotes its phosphorylation, which substantially increases AMPK activity.26,27 AMP binding renders AMPK less susceptible to the action of protein phosphatases that remove the phosphate from the ...
... of AMPK.25 AMP binding also exposes an important regulatory site (Thr172) in the catalytic ␣ subunit and promotes its phosphorylation, which substantially increases AMPK activity.26,27 AMP binding renders AMPK less susceptible to the action of protein phosphatases that remove the phosphate from the ...
AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates transcription factors of
... 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase were identified as phosphorylation targets for the newly discovered AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (11). Since that time, an increasing number of cellular proteins have been identified as direct downstream targets (49). In liver, phosphorylation of ...
... 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase were identified as phosphorylation targets for the newly discovered AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (11). Since that time, an increasing number of cellular proteins have been identified as direct downstream targets (49). In liver, phosphorylation of ...
Protein Synthesis in Cell-Free Reticulocyte Lysates on Multi
... than ervthroivtes, mature red cells (b,7). Reticulocytesactivelv svnthesize protein, of 'ut'hichapproximateh. g}ot'ais globin that combines with endogenous heme to form hemclglobin (8-1A1. Cell-free re'ticulocvte. h'satescontitrue to svnthesizeprotein at - 60aiaof the rate of intact ce.lls for up tt ...
... than ervthroivtes, mature red cells (b,7). Reticulocytesactivelv svnthesize protein, of 'ut'hichapproximateh. g}ot'ais globin that combines with endogenous heme to form hemclglobin (8-1A1. Cell-free re'ticulocvte. h'satescontitrue to svnthesizeprotein at - 60aiaof the rate of intact ce.lls for up tt ...
Arctigenin Efficiently Enhanced Sedentary Mice Treadmill
... to varied physical stimuli, such as muscle contraction, cold stress and overfeeding [32–35]. It could be regulated by AMPK, p38 MAPK or NF-kB pathway [11,36–38]. Since arctigenin has been determined to increase AMPK phosphorylation and PGC-1a transcription, we thus wondered whether the effect of arc ...
... to varied physical stimuli, such as muscle contraction, cold stress and overfeeding [32–35]. It could be regulated by AMPK, p38 MAPK or NF-kB pathway [11,36–38]. Since arctigenin has been determined to increase AMPK phosphorylation and PGC-1a transcription, we thus wondered whether the effect of arc ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... (e.g. hypoxia) or increase in demand (e.g. intense exercise) will decrease ATP concentrations. The equilibrium maintained by adenylate kinase translates a fall in ATP to a relatively larger change in AMP, since the AMP/ATP ratio increases as the square of the ADP/ATP ratio, thus providing an amplifi ...
... (e.g. hypoxia) or increase in demand (e.g. intense exercise) will decrease ATP concentrations. The equilibrium maintained by adenylate kinase translates a fall in ATP to a relatively larger change in AMP, since the AMP/ATP ratio increases as the square of the ADP/ATP ratio, thus providing an amplifi ...
Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA
... 2006;Düvel et al., 2010). The best characterized function of mTOR is the regulation of ...
... 2006;Düvel et al., 2010). The best characterized function of mTOR is the regulation of ...
emboj2009339-sup
... Peptides were covalently coupled via carboxyl groups to aminoaryl polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Sequelon membranes), according to manufacturer’s instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Briefly, the coupling procedure was initiated by spotting the sample to be coupled in 5μL aliquot ...
... Peptides were covalently coupled via carboxyl groups to aminoaryl polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Sequelon membranes), according to manufacturer’s instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Briefly, the coupling procedure was initiated by spotting the sample to be coupled in 5μL aliquot ...
Characterization of Phosphorylation Sites from the Activation Loop
... Reversible protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases is universally employed by eukaryotes to regulate enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, subcelluar localization and protein turnover. The catalytic domains of most eukaryotic protein kinases are conserved in their primary seque ...
... Reversible protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases is universally employed by eukaryotes to regulate enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, subcelluar localization and protein turnover. The catalytic domains of most eukaryotic protein kinases are conserved in their primary seque ...
Arginine-induced stimulation of protein synthesis and survival in
... pathways, such as protein synthesis, proliferation, and migration (6, 25, 26, 32). Arginine supplementation stimulated protein synthesis and reduced protein degradation in LPStreated IPEC-1 cells (32). Studies in preconfluent Caco-2 cells suggest that arginine deprivation decreases cell proliferatio ...
... pathways, such as protein synthesis, proliferation, and migration (6, 25, 26, 32). Arginine supplementation stimulated protein synthesis and reduced protein degradation in LPStreated IPEC-1 cells (32). Studies in preconfluent Caco-2 cells suggest that arginine deprivation decreases cell proliferatio ...
The initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotes
... Figure 2. The three subunits of eIF2 and the five subunits of eIF2B are listed in the left panel. Negative regulatory factors are depicted in red; positive effectors are depicted in green. Following translation of uORF1, ∼50% of the 40S ribosomes remain attached to the mRNA and resume scanning. Unde ...
... Figure 2. The three subunits of eIF2 and the five subunits of eIF2B are listed in the left panel. Negative regulatory factors are depicted in red; positive effectors are depicted in green. Following translation of uORF1, ∼50% of the 40S ribosomes remain attached to the mRNA and resume scanning. Unde ...
The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the coordination of
... effectors (25). Two models have been proposed for the AMPKmediated inhibition of mTORC1 activity (Fig. 3). The first involves the phosphorylation of the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) on residues Thr1227 and Ser1345, thus enhancing its GTPase activity towards the Ras homolog enriched in brain ( ...
... effectors (25). Two models have been proposed for the AMPKmediated inhibition of mTORC1 activity (Fig. 3). The first involves the phosphorylation of the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) on residues Thr1227 and Ser1345, thus enhancing its GTPase activity towards the Ras homolog enriched in brain ( ...
Doctorial Thesis Regulation of Branched
... certain substrates (Kim et al., 2002; Yip et al., 2010). However, longer-term treatment with rapamycin can obstruct mTORC2 in some tissues and cell lines, resulting from less mTOR for assembly into mTORC2 by formation of rapamycin-FKBP12 complex (Sarbassov et al., 2006). In mammalian cells, mTORC1 s ...
... certain substrates (Kim et al., 2002; Yip et al., 2010). However, longer-term treatment with rapamycin can obstruct mTORC2 in some tissues and cell lines, resulting from less mTOR for assembly into mTORC2 by formation of rapamycin-FKBP12 complex (Sarbassov et al., 2006). In mammalian cells, mTORC1 s ...
Amino acids and insulin act additively to regulate components of the
... Results: Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with 0.2 × physiological amino acids concentration (0.2 × PC AA), relative to 1.0 × PC AA, significantly increased total proteolysis and the expression of 14-kDa E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (p < 0.05). The proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocked the rise in prote ...
... Results: Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with 0.2 × physiological amino acids concentration (0.2 × PC AA), relative to 1.0 × PC AA, significantly increased total proteolysis and the expression of 14-kDa E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (p < 0.05). The proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocked the rise in prote ...
mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) controls hydrophobic motif
... phosphorylation of Akt and S6K, as well as certain isoforms of PKC [18,19]. mTORC1 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif residue of S6K (Thr389 ), whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of Akt (Ser473 ). mTORC1 consists of mTOR, raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) and mLST8 (m ...
... phosphorylation of Akt and S6K, as well as certain isoforms of PKC [18,19]. mTORC1 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif residue of S6K (Thr389 ), whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of Akt (Ser473 ). mTORC1 consists of mTOR, raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) and mLST8 (m ...
Effects of Metformin and a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR
... two functionally and structurally distinct complexes namely; mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first complex, mTORC1 selectively binds Raptor (Regulatory associated protein of mammalian Target of Rapamycin), and other proteins including mLST8 (mammalian Lethal with Sac 13 prot ...
... two functionally and structurally distinct complexes namely; mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first complex, mTORC1 selectively binds Raptor (Regulatory associated protein of mammalian Target of Rapamycin), and other proteins including mLST8 (mammalian Lethal with Sac 13 prot ...
A metabolic link to skeletal muscle wasting and regeneration
... 2006). The mTORC1 signaling pathway integrates a wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals, including insulin (and its related growth factors), nutrient (glucose and amino acids) availability, and cellular energy status to regulate protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth and metabolism (Lap ...
... 2006). The mTORC1 signaling pathway integrates a wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals, including insulin (and its related growth factors), nutrient (glucose and amino acids) availability, and cellular energy status to regulate protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth and metabolism (Lap ...
Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Exercise
... of Rheb-GTP to Rheb-GDP, inhibiting Rheb’s positive effect on mTOR. TSC2 is sensitive to growth factors and energy (AMPK) but not to amino acids (30). In TSC2 knockout cells, amino acid deprivation still impairs mTOR signaling (31), suggesting that the primary site for leucine effects is downstream ...
... of Rheb-GTP to Rheb-GDP, inhibiting Rheb’s positive effect on mTOR. TSC2 is sensitive to growth factors and energy (AMPK) but not to amino acids (30). In TSC2 knockout cells, amino acid deprivation still impairs mTOR signaling (31), suggesting that the primary site for leucine effects is downstream ...
Norton J Nutr 2006
... of Rheb-GTP to Rheb-GDP, inhibiting Rheb’s positive effect on mTOR. TSC2 is sensitive to growth factors and energy (AMPK) but not to amino acids (30). In TSC2 knockout cells, amino acid deprivation still impairs mTOR signaling (31), suggesting that the primary site for leucine effects is downstream ...
... of Rheb-GTP to Rheb-GDP, inhibiting Rheb’s positive effect on mTOR. TSC2 is sensitive to growth factors and energy (AMPK) but not to amino acids (30). In TSC2 knockout cells, amino acid deprivation still impairs mTOR signaling (31), suggesting that the primary site for leucine effects is downstream ...
article in press - Biochemistry
... subunits. Mammals express several isoforms of each subunit, and different combinations produce enzymes with differing tissue and subcellular localization, as well as altered sensitivity to AMP (see Hardie, 2003 for a review of the known differences). However, all of the known AMPK complexes are acti ...
... subunits. Mammals express several isoforms of each subunit, and different combinations produce enzymes with differing tissue and subcellular localization, as well as altered sensitivity to AMP (see Hardie, 2003 for a review of the known differences). However, all of the known AMPK complexes are acti ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA 2° structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer that b ...
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA 2° structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer that b ...
Cardiac Energy Dependence on Glucose Increases
... glucose metabolism and 11 to cysteine and glutathione pathways. Concurrently, global cardiac transcriptional analysis revealed differential expression of 568 genes in Acsl1H/ hearts, a subset of which we hypothesized were targets of mTOR; subsequently, we measured the transcriptional response of s ...
... glucose metabolism and 11 to cysteine and glutathione pathways. Concurrently, global cardiac transcriptional analysis revealed differential expression of 568 genes in Acsl1H/ hearts, a subset of which we hypothesized were targets of mTOR; subsequently, we measured the transcriptional response of s ...
Chapter 17 Lecture PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA secondary structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer ...
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA secondary structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer ...
Insulin Signaling
... Developed as part of the RCSB Collaborative Curriculum Development Program 2016 ...
... Developed as part of the RCSB Collaborative Curriculum Development Program 2016 ...
MTORC1
mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, is a protein complex that functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis.mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) is composed of mTOR itself, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (MLST8) and the recently identified PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex embodies the classic functions of mTOR, namely as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controller of protein synthesis. The activity of this complex is controlled by insulin, growth factors, amino acids (particularly leucine), and oxidative stress.The role of mTORC1 is to activate translation of proteins. In order for cells to grow and proliferate by manufacturing more proteins, the cells must ensure that they have the resources available for protein production. Thus, for protein production, and therefore mTORC1 activation, cells must have adequate energy resources, nutrient availability, oxygen abundance, and proper growth factors in order for mRNA translation to begin.