S - Valdosta State University
... Probability and the locations of gas molecules. The two molecules are colored red and blue. a) Before the stopcock is opened, both molecules are in the left-hand flask. b) After the stopcock is opened, there are 4 possible arrangements of the two molecules. The greater number of possible arrangement ...
... Probability and the locations of gas molecules. The two molecules are colored red and blue. a) Before the stopcock is opened, both molecules are in the left-hand flask. b) After the stopcock is opened, there are 4 possible arrangements of the two molecules. The greater number of possible arrangement ...
how reactions occur
... charged particles, so their orientation toward each other when they collide does not influence the reaction rate. • Orientation effects become important when the reacting particles are not spherical as in the following hypothetical reaction: ...
... charged particles, so their orientation toward each other when they collide does not influence the reaction rate. • Orientation effects become important when the reacting particles are not spherical as in the following hypothetical reaction: ...
Chapter 17 Thermodynamics: Directionality of Chemical Reactions
... Most exothermic reactions are product favored. • E is transferred to the surroundings. • Bond (potential) E dispersed into many more atoms ...
... Most exothermic reactions are product favored. • E is transferred to the surroundings. • Bond (potential) E dispersed into many more atoms ...
Example of Boltzmann distribution.
... energy of a system is not fixed, but will fluctuate about some average value due to the continuous interchange of energy between the system and reservoir. For large N these fluctuations are small. The formula giving the probability distribution is one of the most important in statistical mechanics. ...
... energy of a system is not fixed, but will fluctuate about some average value due to the continuous interchange of energy between the system and reservoir. For large N these fluctuations are small. The formula giving the probability distribution is one of the most important in statistical mechanics. ...
Document
... The standard entropy of a substance—its absolute entropy, S°—is the entropy value for the standard state of the species. The standard state is indicated with the superscript degree sign. For a pure substance, its standard state is 1 atm pressure. For a substance in solution, its standard state is a ...
... The standard entropy of a substance—its absolute entropy, S°—is the entropy value for the standard state of the species. The standard state is indicated with the superscript degree sign. For a pure substance, its standard state is 1 atm pressure. For a substance in solution, its standard state is a ...
O 2 (g) - Valdosta State University
... • If energy and matter are both dispersed in a process, it is _______________. • If only matter is dispersed, then quantitative information is needed to decide whether the process is spontaneous. • If energy is not dispersed after a process occurs, then that process will ____________ ...
... • If energy and matter are both dispersed in a process, it is _______________. • If only matter is dispersed, then quantitative information is needed to decide whether the process is spontaneous. • If energy is not dispersed after a process occurs, then that process will ____________ ...
(Chp 5,8,19).
... Bonds break and form to lower free energy (∆G). Chemical and physical processes are driven by: • a decrease in enthalpy (–∆H), or • an increase in entropy (+∆S), or • both. ...
... Bonds break and form to lower free energy (∆G). Chemical and physical processes are driven by: • a decrease in enthalpy (–∆H), or • an increase in entropy (+∆S), or • both. ...
Calculating Enthalpy Changes
... Definition of free energy of formation The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its component elements, at their standard states. The standard state is defined as the most stable form ...
... Definition of free energy of formation The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its component elements, at their standard states. The standard state is defined as the most stable form ...
lec09 - McMaster Chemistry
... • entropy = randomness (So) • Gibbs free energy (Go) • Go for reactions - predicting spontaneous direction • Grxn versus Gorxn • predicting equilibrium constants from Gorxn ...
... • entropy = randomness (So) • Gibbs free energy (Go) • Go for reactions - predicting spontaneous direction • Grxn versus Gorxn • predicting equilibrium constants from Gorxn ...
PowerPoint material for lecture 1 (September 4, 2012)
... other and move around randomly. Usually these are liquids. Solutions are usually transparent. ...
... other and move around randomly. Usually these are liquids. Solutions are usually transparent. ...
Thermodynamics (Part 2)
... 2. rotation: polyatomic molecules only (although linear molecules can only have 2 types of rotation; others have 3) 3. vibrations: atoms periodically move toward and away from eachother (polyatomic: increases as molecules become more complicated/more atoms) ...
... 2. rotation: polyatomic molecules only (although linear molecules can only have 2 types of rotation; others have 3) 3. vibrations: atoms periodically move toward and away from eachother (polyatomic: increases as molecules become more complicated/more atoms) ...
A roller coaster ride is a thrilling experience which involves a wealth
... But now we must consider a new quantity which can help power a reaction Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system the more disordered the higher the entropy. Systems gain stability and entropy by being more disordered (randomized) so lets look at some physical examples Most disordered Gases, ...
... But now we must consider a new quantity which can help power a reaction Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system the more disordered the higher the entropy. Systems gain stability and entropy by being more disordered (randomized) so lets look at some physical examples Most disordered Gases, ...
Chem 12 UNIT TWO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 7.1 REVERSIBLE
... value for entropy means very random. If entropy increases during a chemical reaction, it means the system is becoming more random or disordered. These two variables are related in the Gibb's free energy equation which says: ΔGo = ΔH - TΔSo o indicates standard state conditions. where ΔG is a measure ...
... value for entropy means very random. If entropy increases during a chemical reaction, it means the system is becoming more random or disordered. These two variables are related in the Gibb's free energy equation which says: ΔGo = ΔH - TΔSo o indicates standard state conditions. where ΔG is a measure ...
3 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
... • Variables that define the state of a system. Extensive variables are proportional to the quantity of matter being considered (V, total Cp). Intensive variables are independent of quantity (concentration, viscosity, density, molar Cp) 5. Work (w): “The transfer of energy from one mechanical system ...
... • Variables that define the state of a system. Extensive variables are proportional to the quantity of matter being considered (V, total Cp). Intensive variables are independent of quantity (concentration, viscosity, density, molar Cp) 5. Work (w): “The transfer of energy from one mechanical system ...
chapter 18 (moore) - Salisbury University
... Distribution of energy among different “states,” with an increase in entropy, correlates with more physical disorder at the microscopic level … we use entropy as a kind of measure of relative order/disorder. Spontaneous processes: occur when systems achieve lower energy states (ΔH is negative) and w ...
... Distribution of energy among different “states,” with an increase in entropy, correlates with more physical disorder at the microscopic level … we use entropy as a kind of measure of relative order/disorder. Spontaneous processes: occur when systems achieve lower energy states (ΔH is negative) and w ...
Thermodynamics Notes
... • For an irreversible process ∆Suniverse > 0 i.e. there is increase in entropy for every spontaneous change. When can there be entropy change? • When the number of moles of the reactants or products increase or decrease • When there is change of state viz. Solid to liquid. Liquid to vapour. Solid to ...
... • For an irreversible process ∆Suniverse > 0 i.e. there is increase in entropy for every spontaneous change. When can there be entropy change? • When the number of moles of the reactants or products increase or decrease • When there is change of state viz. Solid to liquid. Liquid to vapour. Solid to ...
Chapter 23 (Section 3) Pregnancy, Birth, and Childhood (Pages 735
... 1. Changes in _______ of matter are _______________ changes because the substance _______ the change is the ________ as the substance you ____________ with because ______ its ______________ changed ______ its ________________ 2. A substance’s _______ of matter depends on the freedom of ___________ a ...
... 1. Changes in _______ of matter are _______________ changes because the substance _______ the change is the ________ as the substance you ____________ with because ______ its ______________ changed ______ its ________________ 2. A substance’s _______ of matter depends on the freedom of ___________ a ...
Review of Thermodynamics
... • The Gibbs free energy, G, is energy available in a form that can be used to do work. • Cane be broken down into two further components: enthalpy H; and entropy S for a given temperature T (in Kelvin): ...
... • The Gibbs free energy, G, is energy available in a form that can be used to do work. • Cane be broken down into two further components: enthalpy H; and entropy S for a given temperature T (in Kelvin): ...
H Why - Yale University
... The values of bond dissociation energies and average bond energies, when corrected for certain “effects” (i.e. predictable errors) can lead to understanding equilibrium and rate processes through statistical mechanics. The Boltzmann factor favors minimal energy in order to provide the largest number ...
... The values of bond dissociation energies and average bond energies, when corrected for certain “effects” (i.e. predictable errors) can lead to understanding equilibrium and rate processes through statistical mechanics. The Boltzmann factor favors minimal energy in order to provide the largest number ...
Spontaniety
... ◦ If ΔG is equal to zero, the reaction is at equilibrium. ◦ If ΔG is positive, then the reaction is nonspontaneous in the forward direction, but the reverse reaction will be spontaneous. ◦ For elements at standard state (pure elements at 25ºC and 1 atm are assigned a value of zero). ...
... ◦ If ΔG is equal to zero, the reaction is at equilibrium. ◦ If ΔG is positive, then the reaction is nonspontaneous in the forward direction, but the reverse reaction will be spontaneous. ◦ For elements at standard state (pure elements at 25ºC and 1 atm are assigned a value of zero). ...
Introduction to Thermodynamics I. Conservation of Energy
... b) Entropy is always increasing c) DSuniverse = DSsystem + DSsurroundings d) For a given process: if DSuniverse = + the process is spontaneous if DSuniverse = - the process is not spontaneous e) Life = constant battle against entropy i) Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones ii) Organizing ...
... b) Entropy is always increasing c) DSuniverse = DSsystem + DSsurroundings d) For a given process: if DSuniverse = + the process is spontaneous if DSuniverse = - the process is not spontaneous e) Life = constant battle against entropy i) Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones ii) Organizing ...
7.7 The Laws of Thermodynamics and How They Relate to the
... Note that G is dependent on three factors and each one has an influence on whether the free energy will be negative and give a spontaneous reaction. H -the more exothermic a reaction is the more likely it is to be spontaneous temperature - the greater the temperature the more likely the reaction ...
... Note that G is dependent on three factors and each one has an influence on whether the free energy will be negative and give a spontaneous reaction. H -the more exothermic a reaction is the more likely it is to be spontaneous temperature - the greater the temperature the more likely the reaction ...
Introduction to the Chemistry of Life
... Introduction to the Chemistry of Life This chapter introduces you to life at the biochemical and cellular level. It begins with a discussion of the chemical origins of life and its early evolution. This discussion continues into ideas and theories about the evolution of organisms, followed by a brie ...
... Introduction to the Chemistry of Life This chapter introduces you to life at the biochemical and cellular level. It begins with a discussion of the chemical origins of life and its early evolution. This discussion continues into ideas and theories about the evolution of organisms, followed by a brie ...
Slide 1
... Some chemical and physical changes take place by themselves, given enough time. A spontaneous chemical reaction is one that, given sufficient time, will achieve chemical equilibrium, with an equilibrium constant greater than 1, by reacting from left to right. ...
... Some chemical and physical changes take place by themselves, given enough time. A spontaneous chemical reaction is one that, given sufficient time, will achieve chemical equilibrium, with an equilibrium constant greater than 1, by reacting from left to right. ...
Spontaneity, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy
... spontaneity of a process However, Gibb’s Free Energy is also related to spontaneity and is especially useful in dealing with the temperature dependence of spontaneity If ∆G is negative, the FORWARD reaction is spontaneous If ∆G is positive, the REVERSE reaction is spontaneous If ∆G is 0, the ...
... spontaneity of a process However, Gibb’s Free Energy is also related to spontaneity and is especially useful in dealing with the temperature dependence of spontaneity If ∆G is negative, the FORWARD reaction is spontaneous If ∆G is positive, the REVERSE reaction is spontaneous If ∆G is 0, the ...
Self-assembly of nanoparticles
Self-assembly is a phenomenon where the components of a system assemble themselves spontaneously via an interaction to form a larger functional unit. This spontaneous organization can be due to direct specific interaction and/or indirectly through their environment. Due to the increasing technological advancements, the study of materials in the nanometre scale is becoming more important. The ability to assemble nanoparticles into well-defined configuration in space is crucial to the development of electronic devices that are small but can contain plenty of information. The spatial arrangements of these self-assembled nanoparticles can be potentially used to build increasingly complex structures leading to a wide variety of materials that can be used for different purposes.At the molecular level, intermolecular force hold the spontaneous gathering of molecules into a well-defined and stable structure together. In chemical solutions, self-assembly is an outcome of random motion of molecules and the affinity of their binding sites for one another. In the area of nanotechnology, developing a simple, efficient method to organize molecules and molecular clusters into precise, pre-determined structure is crucial.