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29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose
29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose

... Enzymes can generally use either NADPH or NADH, but not both. Reactions requiring the input of electrons as hydride ions are usually catalyzed by enzymes specific for NADPH. ...
Pseudouridine at position 55 in tRNA controls the contents of other
Pseudouridine at position 55 in tRNA controls the contents of other

... that the 55 in archaeal tRNA is formed by Cbf5 (18– 20) and Pus10 (18,21), and that 55 in eukaryotic cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNA is formed by Pus4 (22). Although the truB genes are found in almost all eubacterial genomes (23,24), the gene has been experimentally identified in E. coli (17), B ...
Quercetin Attenuating Doxorubicin Induced Hepatic
Quercetin Attenuating Doxorubicin Induced Hepatic

... cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Quercetin is a dietary-flavonoid found in plants which prevents oxidant injury and protects against lipid peroxidation. The objective of the present study was to assess the possible protective role of quercetin on doxorubicin induced hepatic, cardia ...
Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts
Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts

... in S. cerevisiae but found that the protein had only about 10-3 as much activity as the native protein from E. coli. Over the past 30 years, a few researchers have reported the presence of xylose isomerase in a number of yeasts and fungi capable of rapid xylose metabolism. Because of difficulties in ...
Functional and Biochemical Analysis of Glucose-6
Functional and Biochemical Analysis of Glucose-6

... abnormalities that ranges clinically from asymptomatic individuals through to patients showing neonatal jaundice (NNJ), acute episodes of hemolysis triggered by exogenous agents (acute infections, drugs or food), and chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA) [3]. The difference in severity is ...
PPTX - Bonham Chemistry
PPTX - Bonham Chemistry

... • These alcohols have a more complex molecular structure than ethyl alcohol. • They provide an initial sweetness followed by a harsh after taste. • Formed by the metabolism of amino acids, so over modification during malting or mashing can lead to higher fusel alcohol levels. • They increase with fe ...
Prokaryotic proteins of antioxidant defense in Trichomonas vaginalis
Prokaryotic proteins of antioxidant defense in Trichomonas vaginalis

... readily accepts electrons generated by normal oxidative metabolism of the cell. Processes causing uncoupling of electron transport can enhance the production of ROS, with mitochondria being a major source (23,80). Flow of electrons and protons through mitochondrial electron transport system generate ...
Proton Translocation Coupled to Electron Transfer Reactions in
Proton Translocation Coupled to Electron Transfer Reactions in

... and use them to reduce the quinone pool in the membrane. This reaction is coupled to proton translocation across the membrane in the stoichiometry of two protons per electron (Wikström, 1984; Bogachev et al., 1996; reviews by Yano, 2002; Hirst, 2005). It should be noted however that in some organism ...
From Sequence to Structure
From Sequence to Structure

... neutral pH; its positive charge is localized primarily at the carbon atom of the guanidium head. Serine, threonine, glutamine and asparagine do not ionize but are able both to donate and to accept hydrogen bonds simultaneously. Cysteine, like histidine, is commonly found in enzyme active sites, beca ...
Fatty Acids :biosynthesis
Fatty Acids :biosynthesis

Hydrolysis of a Series of Synthetic Peptide Substrates by the Human
Hydrolysis of a Series of Synthetic Peptide Substrates by the Human

... picornaviruses, including human rhinoviruses. However there have been relatively few comprehensive studies on the rhinovirus 3C protein (Libby et al., 1988). To ascertain not only whether this protein expressed similar proteolytic activity but also whether it is a suitable target for antiviral chemo ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM

... four-step process, called  oxidation, by which fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA is the main topic of this chapter. In Chapter 10 we described the properties of triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides or neutral fats) ...
Molecular Cloning of Dog Mast Cell Tryptase and a Related Protease
Molecular Cloning of Dog Mast Cell Tryptase and a Related Protease

... bronchoconstricting agonists. In vitro, tryptase also generates the anaphylatoxin C3a (Schwartz et al., 1983), destroys fibrinogen (Schwartz et al., 1985) and high molecular weight kininogen (Maier et al., 1983), and activates procollagenase (Gruber et al., 1988). These latter findings suggest that ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented

... Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and w ...
Ph.D. Thesis_Erban_Tomas
Ph.D. Thesis_Erban_Tomas

... humans and domestic animals. Stored product mites are usually found in grain or in various cereal products. In addition to the digestion of food, enzymes play an important role in the interaction between mites and microorganisms growing on decaying organic matter. The results and discussion section ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented

... Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and w ...
Inducible uptake and metabolism of glucose by the phosphorylative
Inducible uptake and metabolism of glucose by the phosphorylative

... grown CSV86 cells showed high rates of glucose uptake (Fig. 3). Addition of sodium azide (25 mM) after 1 min, inhibited glucose uptake, and cells preincubated for 10 min with sodium azide (25 mM) or formaldehyde (25 mM) did not show any uptake. These results demonstrate that glucose uptake in CSV86 ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Applied and Environmental Microbiology

... brasiliense experienced nitrogen-limiting conditions when grown in the malate-glutamate medium. In liquid microaerobic cultures without glutamate (N2fixing conditions), GDH, GOT, GTP, or all three were also much more active in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense than in A. brasiliense (data not shown). D ...
Engineering of polyketide biosynthetic pathways for bioactive
Engineering of polyketide biosynthetic pathways for bioactive

... yielded a novel chlorinated molecule 2-chloro-resveratrol. This demonstrated that biosynthetic enzymes from different sources can be recombined like legos to make various plant natural products, which is more efficient (2-3 days) than traditional extraction from plants (months to years). Phenylalani ...
Lecture 5 - Fermentation and CHO feeder
Lecture 5 - Fermentation and CHO feeder

... Regenerates NAD+ from NADH (reducing equivalents) produced in glycolysis. Pathway is active in yeast Second step is reversible Ethanol can be further metabolised via oxidation that ultimately produces acetate and enters fat biosynthesis pathways Biochemistry 3300 ...
Was photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by
Was photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by

... metabolism, which is very distinct from photosynthetic carbon metabolism. However, when a detailed investigation of the catalytic reaction is undertaken, RLP has common enzymatic features with photosynthetic RuBisCO. The structure of DK-MTP-1-P as a substrate of B. subtilis RLP is very similar to th ...
microbial metabolism of oxalate and one
microbial metabolism of oxalate and one

... Two distinctive features of the oxalyl-CoA cycle are: (a) oxalyl-CoA is stituated at the branch point of two reaction sequences (i) decarboxylatioll to fornate which is the source of NADH and (ii) reduc. tion by NADPH to glyoxylatc which initiates the synthesis of cell constituents. A major factor c ...
Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

... that exists in two possible conformations, only one of which binds the second substrate fructose6-phosphate (F6P). The protein has two binding sites for ATP - the active site is accessible in either protein conformation, but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6 ...
Regulation of Starch Synthesis in Cassava Yona Baguma
Regulation of Starch Synthesis in Cassava Yona Baguma

... states of the storage root. Analysis of sbe diurnal transcript patterns identified the existence of an endogenous semidian oscillator (12 h) in the storage root cells but its nature and function remains unknown. To elucidate the relationship between sbe expression and sugar status; a combination of ...
Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase—Associated
Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase—Associated

... are RT active site-directed nucleoside analogs that require metabolic activation (phosphorylation) for antiviral activity. Once activated, NRTI-triphosphates and NtRTI-diphosphates compete with cellular deoxynucleotides for binding to the RT polymerase active site. More importantly, N(t)RTIs lack a ...
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Enzyme



Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.
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