Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA
... • DLD inhibited by NADH, activated by NAD+ • Mammalian enzyme inhibited by phosphorylation with PDH kinase (Figure 20.27) • PDH kinase activated by NADH and acetyl-CoA • PDH phosphatase activated by Ca2+ ...
... • DLD inhibited by NADH, activated by NAD+ • Mammalian enzyme inhibited by phosphorylation with PDH kinase (Figure 20.27) • PDH kinase activated by NADH and acetyl-CoA • PDH phosphatase activated by Ca2+ ...
amino acids and proteins
... associate with one another and remain isolated from water. • Amino acids in this group play an important role in maintaining the three dimensional structure of proteins. ...
... associate with one another and remain isolated from water. • Amino acids in this group play an important role in maintaining the three dimensional structure of proteins. ...
sheet#11
... of the substrate "glyceraldehyde 3-p" to the cysteine –SH, to form a thiohemiacetal. Then, oxidation occurs by removing 2H+ which were bound to C atom and O atom to form thioester linkage, which is a high energy bond "similar to acetyl-coA bond". Then, a phosphate group is added "instead of cleaving ...
... of the substrate "glyceraldehyde 3-p" to the cysteine –SH, to form a thiohemiacetal. Then, oxidation occurs by removing 2H+ which were bound to C atom and O atom to form thioester linkage, which is a high energy bond "similar to acetyl-coA bond". Then, a phosphate group is added "instead of cleaving ...
MolBio Tech Data_new.cdr
... User must ensure of the product(s) in their application prior to use. Products conform solely to the information contained in this and other related HiMedia™ Publications. The information contained in this publication is based on our research and development work and is to the best of our knowledge ...
... User must ensure of the product(s) in their application prior to use. Products conform solely to the information contained in this and other related HiMedia™ Publications. The information contained in this publication is based on our research and development work and is to the best of our knowledge ...
Document
... – Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids – Vary in the length and number and locations of double bonds they contain ...
... – Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids – Vary in the length and number and locations of double bonds they contain ...
View/Open - Oregon State University
... 4. In animals, lactate is made from pyruvate when oxygen is missing (anaerobic - such as in muscles during heavy exertion). This is done to regenerate NAD+, which is low in low oxygen conditions. NAD+ is needed to keep glycolysis going under these conditions. 5. In microorganisms, pyruvate is conver ...
... 4. In animals, lactate is made from pyruvate when oxygen is missing (anaerobic - such as in muscles during heavy exertion). This is done to regenerate NAD+, which is low in low oxygen conditions. NAD+ is needed to keep glycolysis going under these conditions. 5. In microorganisms, pyruvate is conver ...
The Medicinal Chemistry of Antibiotics
... penicillins and cephalosporins, which are still widely used today despite the growing problem of resistance, as bacteria evolve effective biochemical defences against these drugs. Bacterial pathogens Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms that were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 167 ...
... penicillins and cephalosporins, which are still widely used today despite the growing problem of resistance, as bacteria evolve effective biochemical defences against these drugs. Bacterial pathogens Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms that were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 167 ...
Evolution of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the
... inner mitochondrial membrane, intermediates for aminoacid biosynthesis, and oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis from succinate derived from fatty acids via the glyoxylate cycle in glyoxysomes. The tricarboxylic acid cycle is a typical mitochondrial pathway and is widespread among a-proteobacteria, the ...
... inner mitochondrial membrane, intermediates for aminoacid biosynthesis, and oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis from succinate derived from fatty acids via the glyoxylate cycle in glyoxysomes. The tricarboxylic acid cycle is a typical mitochondrial pathway and is widespread among a-proteobacteria, the ...
Appendix number 4 to the Senate Resolution No. 430/01/2015
... transmembrane potential. Oxidation and reduction reactions in the body, redox potentials, the role of coenzymes and enzymes. (3 hrs.) TP6. Reaction kinetics, reaction order, rate equations. Catalysis, the role of catalysts. Radical reactions. (2 hours.) TP7. Thermodynamics. Heat and enthalpy. The fi ...
... transmembrane potential. Oxidation and reduction reactions in the body, redox potentials, the role of coenzymes and enzymes. (3 hrs.) TP6. Reaction kinetics, reaction order, rate equations. Catalysis, the role of catalysts. Radical reactions. (2 hours.) TP7. Thermodynamics. Heat and enthalpy. The fi ...
Cellular Respiration
... discovered by Louis Pasteur in his study of the chemistry of wines. Yeasts break down the sugars in the juice to pyruvate by glycolysis, then the pyruvate is dismantled to yeild CO2 and ETHANOL. If the fermentation continues until all the sugar is used, a dry wine is produced. If fermentation is sto ...
... discovered by Louis Pasteur in his study of the chemistry of wines. Yeasts break down the sugars in the juice to pyruvate by glycolysis, then the pyruvate is dismantled to yeild CO2 and ETHANOL. If the fermentation continues until all the sugar is used, a dry wine is produced. If fermentation is sto ...
Studies on sulphatases. 6. The localization of arylsulphatase in the
... Fractionation in isotonic KCl. The procedure used was identical with that of Bernstein & McGilvery (1952a) for the study of the enzyme system synthesizing arylsulphates. All fractions were dissolved in isotonic KCI solution and adjusted to pH 6-65 for estimation of the activity of the synthesizing s ...
... Fractionation in isotonic KCl. The procedure used was identical with that of Bernstein & McGilvery (1952a) for the study of the enzyme system synthesizing arylsulphates. All fractions were dissolved in isotonic KCI solution and adjusted to pH 6-65 for estimation of the activity of the synthesizing s ...
Fatty Acid oxidation
... Regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation 1- The level of ATP in the cell :If it is high in the cell, the rate of β- oxidation will decrease (Feed back inhibition) 2- Malonyl-CoA * (which is also a precursor for fatty acid synthesis) inhibits Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I and thus, inhibits β-oxidat ...
... Regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation 1- The level of ATP in the cell :If it is high in the cell, the rate of β- oxidation will decrease (Feed back inhibition) 2- Malonyl-CoA * (which is also a precursor for fatty acid synthesis) inhibits Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I and thus, inhibits β-oxidat ...
When muscular work starts, the adrenal medulla secretes a
... hyperventilation, which blows out carbon dioxide and thus helps to remove acid from the body. During a cool down period, the body reestablishes the acid-base balance of the blood, and excess lactate is shuttled into the cori cycle. ...
... hyperventilation, which blows out carbon dioxide and thus helps to remove acid from the body. During a cool down period, the body reestablishes the acid-base balance of the blood, and excess lactate is shuttled into the cori cycle. ...
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins
... active site or substrate (zinc, iron) Coenzymes – cofactors that are organic (vitamins) Enzyme Inhibitors – reduce enzyme activity Competitive inhibitors – block substrate from entering active site Reversible Overcome by adding more substrate Noncompetitive inhibitors – bind to another par ...
... active site or substrate (zinc, iron) Coenzymes – cofactors that are organic (vitamins) Enzyme Inhibitors – reduce enzyme activity Competitive inhibitors – block substrate from entering active site Reversible Overcome by adding more substrate Noncompetitive inhibitors – bind to another par ...
Recap: structure of ATP
... • This is catalysed by dehydrogenase enzymes • Co-enzymes are required to activate the oxidation reactions in respiration – Hydrogen atoms becomes attached to co enzymes e.g. NAD ...
... • This is catalysed by dehydrogenase enzymes • Co-enzymes are required to activate the oxidation reactions in respiration – Hydrogen atoms becomes attached to co enzymes e.g. NAD ...
Isolation and Characterization of Plastidic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
... purification process and perhaps oxidizing agents were used in an attempt to activate the enzyme during purification. The activity of the OPPP in non-photosynthetic plastids is ...
... purification process and perhaps oxidizing agents were used in an attempt to activate the enzyme during purification. The activity of the OPPP in non-photosynthetic plastids is ...
pH-induced conformational changes in human ABO(H) blood group
... chosen for this study as it was known to have loop stability intermediate between GTA and GTB (Johal et al. 2012). In all 12 structures to which galactose was added regardless of the pH, a galactose molecule is present in the acceptorbinding site. UDP is also bound to the donor-binding site, althoug ...
... chosen for this study as it was known to have loop stability intermediate between GTA and GTB (Johal et al. 2012). In all 12 structures to which galactose was added regardless of the pH, a galactose molecule is present in the acceptorbinding site. UDP is also bound to the donor-binding site, althoug ...
a proprietary enzyme blend designed
... Each enzyme has a unique catalytic site that acts on a specific substrate, much like a lock and key. A lock will not open unless the key fits perfectly and all the tumblers fall into place. The primary role of an enzyme is to optimize the efficiency of a reaction, which can be accomplished by: ...
... Each enzyme has a unique catalytic site that acts on a specific substrate, much like a lock and key. A lock will not open unless the key fits perfectly and all the tumblers fall into place. The primary role of an enzyme is to optimize the efficiency of a reaction, which can be accomplished by: ...
File - Wk 1-2
... beta-oxidation, amino acid breakdown, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. For each, include the cellular location, the major organs in which each pathway is active and the effect of starvation or flux of substrates through the pathway. 4. Outline how chemical energy released from the oxidation o ...
... beta-oxidation, amino acid breakdown, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. For each, include the cellular location, the major organs in which each pathway is active and the effect of starvation or flux of substrates through the pathway. 4. Outline how chemical energy released from the oxidation o ...
Amino acid catabolism
... 3. Metabolic break down of carbon skeleton to generate common intermediates that can be catabolized to CO2 or used in anabolic pathways to be stored as glucose or fat. ...
... 3. Metabolic break down of carbon skeleton to generate common intermediates that can be catabolized to CO2 or used in anabolic pathways to be stored as glucose or fat. ...
Biochemical studies on a versatile esterase that is most catalytically
... pNP-dodecanoate, albeit at a rate of four orders of magnitude lower. As shown in Fig. 5, pNP esters were the preferred substrates among the examined esters. This enzyme hydrolysed short-chain triacylglycerols that ranged from triacetin (which was preferred; ∼ 23 000 units g−1 at 40°C and pH 8.0) to ...
... pNP-dodecanoate, albeit at a rate of four orders of magnitude lower. As shown in Fig. 5, pNP esters were the preferred substrates among the examined esters. This enzyme hydrolysed short-chain triacylglycerols that ranged from triacetin (which was preferred; ∼ 23 000 units g−1 at 40°C and pH 8.0) to ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.