Transcription and Translation
... 3. The ribosome moves down the mRNA by one codon, and all three tRNAs move one position within the ribosome. The tRNA in the E site exits; the tRNA in the P site moves to the E site; and the tRNA in the A site switches to the P site. ...
... 3. The ribosome moves down the mRNA by one codon, and all three tRNAs move one position within the ribosome. The tRNA in the E site exits; the tRNA in the P site moves to the E site; and the tRNA in the A site switches to the P site. ...
Heme- Fe 2+ (ferrous) - LSU School of Medicine
... •Rate limiting committed step; requires pyridoxal-5’-phosphate as coenzyme •Transcriptional regulation is the principal form of control since the enzyme has a short half life (t1/2 = 1 hr). Heme and hemin repress transcription •In erythrocytes heme synthesis is coordinated with that of the globin ch ...
... •Rate limiting committed step; requires pyridoxal-5’-phosphate as coenzyme •Transcriptional regulation is the principal form of control since the enzyme has a short half life (t1/2 = 1 hr). Heme and hemin repress transcription •In erythrocytes heme synthesis is coordinated with that of the globin ch ...
12.3 The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes AcetylCoA
... prochiral substrates to enzymes • Chemically identical groups a1 and a2 of a prochiral molecule can be distinguished by the enzyme ...
... prochiral substrates to enzymes • Chemically identical groups a1 and a2 of a prochiral molecule can be distinguished by the enzyme ...
Krebs Cycle - 2008 BIOCHEM 201
... The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle; The TCA Cycle • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are pr ...
... The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle; The TCA Cycle • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are pr ...
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... pure hydrocarbon side chains have pI = 5.0 to 6.5 (average of the pKa’s) D and E have acidic side chains and a lower pI H, R, K have basic side chains and higher pI ...
... pure hydrocarbon side chains have pI = 5.0 to 6.5 (average of the pKa’s) D and E have acidic side chains and a lower pI H, R, K have basic side chains and higher pI ...
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... Student ID: _______________________ ...
... Student ID: _______________________ ...
Molecules of the Cell: The Building Blocks of Life
... A single polysaccharide molecule may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide subunits bonded together through dehydration synthesis reactions. One example of an “energy polysaccharide” is starch, which is composed exclusively of glucose molecules ( Figure 3.3b ). Starch is typically found i ...
... A single polysaccharide molecule may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide subunits bonded together through dehydration synthesis reactions. One example of an “energy polysaccharide” is starch, which is composed exclusively of glucose molecules ( Figure 3.3b ). Starch is typically found i ...
AKA TCA CYCLE, KREB`S CYCLE
... -primarily anabolic -under some conditions can oxidize glucose completely to CO2 2. 2 primary functions: •to provide NADPH for reductive biosynthesis •to provide ribose-5-P for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosyn. •additional function: -metabolizes dietary pentose sugars from digestion of nucleic aci ...
... -primarily anabolic -under some conditions can oxidize glucose completely to CO2 2. 2 primary functions: •to provide NADPH for reductive biosynthesis •to provide ribose-5-P for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosyn. •additional function: -metabolizes dietary pentose sugars from digestion of nucleic aci ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
A1983RT00700001
... utilis. Such was the elegance of their work catalyzed bya glutamate synthase enzyme that other people broadened their conclu- active with reduced ferredoxin (similar to sions to include the whole of the2 plant nitrite reductase) rather than reduced pyrikingdom. Although in 1969, Brown, work- dine nu ...
... utilis. Such was the elegance of their work catalyzed bya glutamate synthase enzyme that other people broadened their conclu- active with reduced ferredoxin (similar to sions to include the whole of the2 plant nitrite reductase) rather than reduced pyrikingdom. Although in 1969, Brown, work- dine nu ...
Nucleic Acids
... – Can cause serious physical and mental problems – Are abused by athletes to enhance performance ...
... – Can cause serious physical and mental problems – Are abused by athletes to enhance performance ...
RESPIRATION Metabolic processes that need energy include
... The fatty acid-CoA complex is transported o the mitochondrial matrix where it is broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups that are attached to CoA. During this breakdown (by the beta-oxidation pathway) reduced NAD ad reduced FAD are formed. The acetyl groups are released from CoA and enter Kreb ...
... The fatty acid-CoA complex is transported o the mitochondrial matrix where it is broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups that are attached to CoA. During this breakdown (by the beta-oxidation pathway) reduced NAD ad reduced FAD are formed. The acetyl groups are released from CoA and enter Kreb ...
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramide and
... supernatant was recovered by filtration through Acrodisc syringe filter (0.45 m pore size). The assay for Pglym was modified from a published protocol [6]. This assay measures formation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the presence of excess enolase. 50 g of supernatant was added to 3 l of 50 mM 3p ...
... supernatant was recovered by filtration through Acrodisc syringe filter (0.45 m pore size). The assay for Pglym was modified from a published protocol [6]. This assay measures formation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the presence of excess enolase. 50 g of supernatant was added to 3 l of 50 mM 3p ...
Biochemistry
... Provide a link between Glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Oxidizes pyruvate to give CO2 and Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the substrate for citric acid cycle. The reaction is irreversible. Located within the matrix of mitochondria. PDC is of 4 distinct enzymatic activities and require 5 coenzymes (TPP, C ...
... Provide a link between Glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Oxidizes pyruvate to give CO2 and Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the substrate for citric acid cycle. The reaction is irreversible. Located within the matrix of mitochondria. PDC is of 4 distinct enzymatic activities and require 5 coenzymes (TPP, C ...
BME205H1_20171_621493426054BME205
... the other tripeptides, at least one of the amino acids belongs to the nonpolar charged class [1 mark]. 7. [7 marks] Alpha-5 integrin is a single pass transmembrane receptor protein, which means that only one segment of the protein is embedded in the plasma membrane of the cell. The part of the prote ...
... the other tripeptides, at least one of the amino acids belongs to the nonpolar charged class [1 mark]. 7. [7 marks] Alpha-5 integrin is a single pass transmembrane receptor protein, which means that only one segment of the protein is embedded in the plasma membrane of the cell. The part of the prote ...
A Novel Assay for DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase Activity
... and a template region (blue) for elongation (A). The primer to be elongated has a ruthenium chelate (Ru) attached to the 5’ end. After elongation by the DDDP activity of the polymerase (B), the reaction is stopped with NaOH. Subsequently, the reaction is neutralized by the addition of NaH2PO4 contai ...
... and a template region (blue) for elongation (A). The primer to be elongated has a ruthenium chelate (Ru) attached to the 5’ end. After elongation by the DDDP activity of the polymerase (B), the reaction is stopped with NaOH. Subsequently, the reaction is neutralized by the addition of NaH2PO4 contai ...
What are enzymes and how do they work
... d. Using different PCR primers that give you fragments of 150 and 450 bp for the two PV92 alleles, you genotype 4 different classmates with diverse ancestries. You find the following results after separating the PCR products by gel electrophoresis and staining: classmate # i. Which classmates have t ...
... d. Using different PCR primers that give you fragments of 150 and 450 bp for the two PV92 alleles, you genotype 4 different classmates with diverse ancestries. You find the following results after separating the PCR products by gel electrophoresis and staining: classmate # i. Which classmates have t ...
Word
... D) Phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase 14) The term substrate level phosphorylation applies to which glycolytic reactions? A) B) C) D) E) ...
... D) Phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase 14) The term substrate level phosphorylation applies to which glycolytic reactions? A) B) C) D) E) ...
Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol.
... activity was based on the concept of fixed structures, that is, the substrate had to fit into a structurally well-defined active site of fixed shape which was also complementary to the substrate’s shape. However, the predictions of the ‘‘key-lock’’ theory were not always sufficient to explain the ex ...
... activity was based on the concept of fixed structures, that is, the substrate had to fit into a structurally well-defined active site of fixed shape which was also complementary to the substrate’s shape. However, the predictions of the ‘‘key-lock’’ theory were not always sufficient to explain the ex ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.