![B.Sc. (Hons.) CHEMISTRY THREE-YEARS FULL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004302367_1-10511d819089c8f2d95bda74556ddb88-300x300.png)
B.Sc. (Hons.) CHEMISTRY THREE-YEARS FULL
... second law of thermodynamics; molecular and statistical interpretation of entropy. Calculation of entropy change for reversible and irreversible processes. Third Law: Statement of third law, concept of residual entropy, calculation of absolute entropy of molecules. Free Energy Functions: Gibbs and ...
... second law of thermodynamics; molecular and statistical interpretation of entropy. Calculation of entropy change for reversible and irreversible processes. Third Law: Statement of third law, concept of residual entropy, calculation of absolute entropy of molecules. Free Energy Functions: Gibbs and ...
CHM203 - National Open University of Nigeria
... strength of a hydrogen bond ranges from 10 to 40 kJ mol-1. Hydrogen bonding has an important influence on physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and solubility of substances. This will be illustrated using examples in the following subsections. The dipole-dipole, induced dipole-ind ...
... strength of a hydrogen bond ranges from 10 to 40 kJ mol-1. Hydrogen bonding has an important influence on physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and solubility of substances. This will be illustrated using examples in the following subsections. The dipole-dipole, induced dipole-ind ...
Proton-Coupled Electron Flow in Protein Redox Machines
... A is decomposed to smaller subunits linked by covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and through-space jumps. More elaborate computational protocols also have shed light on the factors that determine distant coupling in proteins.18,59-61 ...
... A is decomposed to smaller subunits linked by covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and through-space jumps. More elaborate computational protocols also have shed light on the factors that determine distant coupling in proteins.18,59-61 ...
aq - Haverford Alchemy
... A 1.034-g sample of impure oxalic acid (H2C2O4) is dissolved in water and an acidbase indicator is added. The sample required 34.47 mL of 0.485 M NaOH to reach the equivalence point. What is the mass of oxalic acid and what is its mass percent in the ...
... A 1.034-g sample of impure oxalic acid (H2C2O4) is dissolved in water and an acidbase indicator is added. The sample required 34.47 mL of 0.485 M NaOH to reach the equivalence point. What is the mass of oxalic acid and what is its mass percent in the ...
Chemical Reactions
... • Does not cause a reaction to occur, but speeds up the rate which a reaction occurs • Can be in the form of the following: – Energy- light, heat – Chemicals – Enzymes are biological or protein catalysts. ...
... • Does not cause a reaction to occur, but speeds up the rate which a reaction occurs • Can be in the form of the following: – Energy- light, heat – Chemicals – Enzymes are biological or protein catalysts. ...
Vitamins, Minerals and Phytochemicals
... vitamins C and E. Humans need oxygen to live, but oxygen causes undesirable oxidation, like the process that turns sliced apples and potatoes dark, when cut and exposed to air. Oxidation produces sometimes dangerously reactive substances (free radicals), which are normally formed within the body. Wh ...
... vitamins C and E. Humans need oxygen to live, but oxygen causes undesirable oxidation, like the process that turns sliced apples and potatoes dark, when cut and exposed to air. Oxidation produces sometimes dangerously reactive substances (free radicals), which are normally formed within the body. Wh ...
Chemistry - An Introduction for Medical and Hea..
... Some of the most promising places to search for suitable plants are in the tropical rain forests, although even plants in places such as Milton Keynes seem to have medicinal uses, for example willow tree bark. The willow tree was the original source of aspirin-like medicines in Britain. It cured the ...
... Some of the most promising places to search for suitable plants are in the tropical rain forests, although even plants in places such as Milton Keynes seem to have medicinal uses, for example willow tree bark. The willow tree was the original source of aspirin-like medicines in Britain. It cured the ...
Chemistry: An Introduction for Medical and Health Sciences - E
... Some of the most promising places to search for suitable plants are in the tropical rain forests, although even plants in places such as Milton Keynes seem to have medicinal uses, for example willow tree bark. The willow tree was the original source of aspirin-like medicines in Britain. It cured the ...
... Some of the most promising places to search for suitable plants are in the tropical rain forests, although even plants in places such as Milton Keynes seem to have medicinal uses, for example willow tree bark. The willow tree was the original source of aspirin-like medicines in Britain. It cured the ...
containing complexes of aromatic amino acids
... are attributable to the dissociation of [Phe+H]+;24 the former has been assigned as the a1 or iminium ion, H2N+QCHCH2C6H5, the latter the benzyl cation, C6H5CH2+. However, dissociation of [Phe+H]+ is also expected to give a prominent product ion at m/z 103, which is absent; in addition, the abundant ...
... are attributable to the dissociation of [Phe+H]+;24 the former has been assigned as the a1 or iminium ion, H2N+QCHCH2C6H5, the latter the benzyl cation, C6H5CH2+. However, dissociation of [Phe+H]+ is also expected to give a prominent product ion at m/z 103, which is absent; in addition, the abundant ...
Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
... 2. All NH4+ salts are soluble. 3. All salts containing the anions: NO3-, ClO3-, ClO4-, (C2H3O2-) are soluble. 4. All Cl-, Br-, and I- are soluble except for Hg22+, Ag+, and Pb2+ salts. 5. All SO42- are soluble except for Pb2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+. 6. All O2- are insoluble except for IA metals Ca2+, Ba2+, ...
... 2. All NH4+ salts are soluble. 3. All salts containing the anions: NO3-, ClO3-, ClO4-, (C2H3O2-) are soluble. 4. All Cl-, Br-, and I- are soluble except for Hg22+, Ag+, and Pb2+ salts. 5. All SO42- are soluble except for Pb2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+. 6. All O2- are insoluble except for IA metals Ca2+, Ba2+, ...
Lipids Simple by Dr Sarma
... Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (Land mark trial Dr.Sarma@works ...
... Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (Land mark trial Dr.Sarma@works ...
Problem 28. TUNNELING IN CHEMISTRY
... In chemical reactions molecular structure changes over time so that the electronic state of a molecule is a function of time. In some cases structure of a molecule can be presented by a superposition of the initial and final states with time-dependent coefficients. Let’s assume that a molecule oscil ...
... In chemical reactions molecular structure changes over time so that the electronic state of a molecule is a function of time. In some cases structure of a molecule can be presented by a superposition of the initial and final states with time-dependent coefficients. Let’s assume that a molecule oscil ...
2007_UG - St.Joseph`s College
... If OPM is between 50 and 60 the student gets II class. If OPM is 60 and more then the student is placed in I class. If scores OPM=75 and more he gets first class with distinction. Similarly we can compute OPM for part II and Part III using the marks in various subjects and the corresponding credits. ...
... If OPM is between 50 and 60 the student gets II class. If OPM is 60 and more then the student is placed in I class. If scores OPM=75 and more he gets first class with distinction. Similarly we can compute OPM for part II and Part III using the marks in various subjects and the corresponding credits. ...
Dr. Murad`s Abstract
... muscles and blood vessels to relax, decrease platelet aggregation, alter neuron function, etc. These effects can decrease blood pressure, increase blood flow to tissues, alter’ memory and behavior, decrease blood clotting, etc. The list of effects of nitric oxide that are independent of cyclic GMP f ...
... muscles and blood vessels to relax, decrease platelet aggregation, alter neuron function, etc. These effects can decrease blood pressure, increase blood flow to tissues, alter’ memory and behavior, decrease blood clotting, etc. The list of effects of nitric oxide that are independent of cyclic GMP f ...
2E HARRY B. GRAY GEORGE S. HAMMONP.
... portion of the lectures given by H. B. 6. and 6. S. fl. to the Chemistry 2 students at the California Institute of Technology during the academic years 1966-1967 and 1967-1968. These lectures were taped, written up by J. B. D., and distributed to the students in the form of class notes. The final ma ...
... portion of the lectures given by H. B. 6. and 6. S. fl. to the Chemistry 2 students at the California Institute of Technology during the academic years 1966-1967 and 1967-1968. These lectures were taped, written up by J. B. D., and distributed to the students in the form of class notes. The final ma ...
2.6 M - Thierry Karsenti
... Chloroform was used as a medical anesthetic in the past, but has been found to be carcinogenic. Carbon tetrachloride also has a long history of use in fire extinguishers, as a fabric cleaner, and as a solvent, but it causes liver damage and now is used much less. An important class of alkyl halides ...
... Chloroform was used as a medical anesthetic in the past, but has been found to be carcinogenic. Carbon tetrachloride also has a long history of use in fire extinguishers, as a fabric cleaner, and as a solvent, but it causes liver damage and now is used much less. An important class of alkyl halides ...
9 How Cells Harvest Energy Concept Outline
... bond that holds them together. Like a cocked mousetrap, the linked phosphates store the energy of their electrostatic repulsion. Transferring a phosphate group to another molecule relaxes the electrostatic spring of ATP, at the same time cocking the spring of the molecule that is phosphorylated. Thi ...
... bond that holds them together. Like a cocked mousetrap, the linked phosphates store the energy of their electrostatic repulsion. Transferring a phosphate group to another molecule relaxes the electrostatic spring of ATP, at the same time cocking the spring of the molecule that is phosphorylated. Thi ...
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
... a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: ...
... a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: ...
Chemical bonding and structure
... All atoms are electrically neutral, even though they contain charged particles known as protons and electrons. This is because the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (−), and so their charges cancel each other out. The positively charged protons, located within the nucleus of ...
... All atoms are electrically neutral, even though they contain charged particles known as protons and electrons. This is because the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (−), and so their charges cancel each other out. The positively charged protons, located within the nucleus of ...
PHOSPHORUS AND SULFUR COSMOCHEMISTRY
... life. Theories on the origin of life are confounded by a lack of reactive phosphorus, and attempts to overcome the dearth of reactive phosphorus must employ unrealistic phosphorus compounds, energetic organic compounds, or unusual physical conditions. Meteoritic schreibersite provided an abundant so ...
... life. Theories on the origin of life are confounded by a lack of reactive phosphorus, and attempts to overcome the dearth of reactive phosphorus must employ unrealistic phosphorus compounds, energetic organic compounds, or unusual physical conditions. Meteoritic schreibersite provided an abundant so ...
Effects of Copper and Zinc Ions on Photosystem II Studied by EPR
... those required for the Cu2+ treatment. When 2.4 mM Zn2+ was used, i.e., the concentration which gave a complete effect when Cu2+ ions were used, the uncoupled QA•- was present in only 10-20% of the centers (not shown). When Cu2+-treated PS II was washed in EDTA-containing buffer (see Materials and M ...
... those required for the Cu2+ treatment. When 2.4 mM Zn2+ was used, i.e., the concentration which gave a complete effect when Cu2+ ions were used, the uncoupled QA•- was present in only 10-20% of the centers (not shown). When Cu2+-treated PS II was washed in EDTA-containing buffer (see Materials and M ...
Microbial Metabolism
... are thus continuously colliding with one another. The energy transferred by the particles in the collision can disrupt their electron structures enough to break chemical bonds or form new bonds. Several factors determine whether a collision will cause a chemical reaction: the velocities of the colli ...
... are thus continuously colliding with one another. The energy transferred by the particles in the collision can disrupt their electron structures enough to break chemical bonds or form new bonds. Several factors determine whether a collision will cause a chemical reaction: the velocities of the colli ...
DECALEPIS HAMILTONII ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATIC INJURY IN RATS Research Article
... Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune disorders. Liver damage is the wide spread pathology which in most cases involves oxidative stress and is characterized by a progressive evolution from steatosis to chronic hepatitis, fibros ...
... Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune disorders. Liver damage is the wide spread pathology which in most cases involves oxidative stress and is characterized by a progressive evolution from steatosis to chronic hepatitis, fibros ...
Bio-Organic Mechanism Game – Simplistic biochemical structures
... resonance stabilization in acetal formation or breakdown). Multiple resonance structures are not drawn. Only very occasionally is an intermediate drawn, when confusion arises from too many arrows going in too many different directions. Do not confuse these examples for real mechanisms! They are desi ...
... resonance stabilization in acetal formation or breakdown). Multiple resonance structures are not drawn. Only very occasionally is an intermediate drawn, when confusion arises from too many arrows going in too many different directions. Do not confuse these examples for real mechanisms! They are desi ...
IJBB 46(1) 122-125
... as compared to other three extracts (KSD>KSU>GU = GD; Fig. 1B). A Pearson coefficient of 0.8919 was observed, showing a positive correlation between DPPH and FRAP. As plant phenolics constitute one of the major groups of compounds acting as primary antioxidants or free radical terminators, their tot ...
... as compared to other three extracts (KSD>KSU>GU = GD; Fig. 1B). A Pearson coefficient of 0.8919 was observed, showing a positive correlation between DPPH and FRAP. As plant phenolics constitute one of the major groups of compounds acting as primary antioxidants or free radical terminators, their tot ...
Radical (chemistry)
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hydroxyl_radical.png?width=300)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valency electrons.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired.Free radicals may be created in a number of ways, including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at very low temperatures, or breakup of larger molecules. The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule, such as ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, electrolysis, and chemical reactions. Indeed, radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions.Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In living organisms, the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.Until late in the 20th century the word ""radical"" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier ""free"" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and ""radical"" now implies ""free"". However, the old nomenclature may still occur in the literature.