![Redox Reactions - Hillsborough County Public Schools](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008453245_1-6b2dc8cd1a81a8afc9b23d0c01c5d9da-300x300.png)
Redox Reactions - Hillsborough County Public Schools
... A compound has an overall charge of zero, which means all the negative charges have to equal the positive charges. Examples: When calculating the oxidation number of N in NO2 , use the rules above to help you. You see that oxygen normally has an oxidation number of -2 and there are two oxygen atoms. ...
... A compound has an overall charge of zero, which means all the negative charges have to equal the positive charges. Examples: When calculating the oxidation number of N in NO2 , use the rules above to help you. You see that oxygen normally has an oxidation number of -2 and there are two oxygen atoms. ...
Cellular Energy
... • During the phases of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, a single molecule of glucose is gradually broken apart in 20 sequential biochemical reactions into different carbohydrate intermediates – only 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized during these phases by the energy released from the breaking of cov ...
... • During the phases of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, a single molecule of glucose is gradually broken apart in 20 sequential biochemical reactions into different carbohydrate intermediates – only 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized during these phases by the energy released from the breaking of cov ...
Identification and Quantification of Oxidized Proteins
... Advantages and disadvantages of using proteins as markers of oxidative stress ...
... Advantages and disadvantages of using proteins as markers of oxidative stress ...
APB Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Energy must be added to pull an electron away from an atom. ...
... Energy must be added to pull an electron away from an atom. ...
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
... Identifying Redox Reactions First determine oxidation numbers of each species in the reaction and then identify the oxidation or reduction processes A. Oxidation and reduction occur together. Whenever an atom loses electrons (is oxidized) another atom must gain electrons (be reduced). B. Reducing Ag ...
... Identifying Redox Reactions First determine oxidation numbers of each species in the reaction and then identify the oxidation or reduction processes A. Oxidation and reduction occur together. Whenever an atom loses electrons (is oxidized) another atom must gain electrons (be reduced). B. Reducing Ag ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
... i ) combustion as redox i.) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) 4 Na(s) + O2(g) → 2 Na2O(s) ii.) redox without combustion 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 NaCl(s) Note: - both reactions may involve metals reacting with nonmetals and, in this case, result in the conversion of free elements into ions Tro, Principles of Ch ...
... i ) combustion as redox i.) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) 4 Na(s) + O2(g) → 2 Na2O(s) ii.) redox without combustion 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 NaCl(s) Note: - both reactions may involve metals reacting with nonmetals and, in this case, result in the conversion of free elements into ions Tro, Principles of Ch ...
Part II
... AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY Stable Molecules versus “Free Radicals” Free radicals – have unpaired electron(s). Atmospheric lifetimes seconds, minutes. e.g., •O-H radical, missing one bond (H), wants to steal one from somewhere. Similar story for •CH3 radical, missing one bond. Or the HO2 radical, H-O-O• Thes ...
... AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY Stable Molecules versus “Free Radicals” Free radicals – have unpaired electron(s). Atmospheric lifetimes seconds, minutes. e.g., •O-H radical, missing one bond (H), wants to steal one from somewhere. Similar story for •CH3 radical, missing one bond. Or the HO2 radical, H-O-O• Thes ...
The Krebs Cycle - Advanced
... • multicellularity: Refers to organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-cell organisms; this is characteristic of most eukaryotes. • ozone layer: A layer in Earth’s atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone; absorbs a high percentage of the Sun’s medium- ...
... • multicellularity: Refers to organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-cell organisms; this is characteristic of most eukaryotes. • ozone layer: A layer in Earth’s atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone; absorbs a high percentage of the Sun’s medium- ...
Document
... I can write chemical reactions by interpreting word equations I can classify reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion) I can predict the products of chemical reactions in writing complete chemical equations (synthesis, decomposition, single replace ...
... I can write chemical reactions by interpreting word equations I can classify reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion) I can predict the products of chemical reactions in writing complete chemical equations (synthesis, decomposition, single replace ...
Synthesis Reaction
... I can write chemical reactions by interpreting word equations I can classify reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion) I can predict the products of chemical reactions in writing complete chemical equations (synthesis, decomposition, single replace ...
... I can write chemical reactions by interpreting word equations I can classify reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion) I can predict the products of chemical reactions in writing complete chemical equations (synthesis, decomposition, single replace ...
Respiration and Photosynthesis Class Work Where does the energy
... of ATP and NADPH, which is then used to create glucose and carbon dioxide. As glucose is broken down through the catabolic process of respiration energy is released through the breakdown of glucose and used to create ATP. ATP is an energy-storing molecule that can be broken down to ADP to release en ...
... of ATP and NADPH, which is then used to create glucose and carbon dioxide. As glucose is broken down through the catabolic process of respiration energy is released through the breakdown of glucose and used to create ATP. ATP is an energy-storing molecule that can be broken down to ADP to release en ...
Lecture Slides
... • The molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner ...
... • The molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner ...
ATPs and - Walton High
... acids can be chopped into two carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
... acids can be chopped into two carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
... liver. This form produces GTP. GTP is energetically equivalent to ATP; however, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis primarily uses GTP. Step 6. Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2 ...
... liver. This form produces GTP. GTP is energetically equivalent to ATP; however, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis primarily uses GTP. Step 6. Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2 ...
4.6 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions Oxidation Reduction
... metals act as good reducing agents [ Na (s) , Fe (s) , Ca (s)] - Group 1A metals give up one electron to become monopositive ion (Na+) - Group 2A metals give up two electrons to become a dipositive ion (Ca2+) - Group 3A give up three electrons (Al3+) ; - Transition metals give up a variable number o ...
... metals act as good reducing agents [ Na (s) , Fe (s) , Ca (s)] - Group 1A metals give up one electron to become monopositive ion (Na+) - Group 2A metals give up two electrons to become a dipositive ion (Ca2+) - Group 3A give up three electrons (Al3+) ; - Transition metals give up a variable number o ...
An overview of Metabolism - Harford Community College
... • Celebrate the end of Bio 099 at the Outback Steakhouse next Saturday from 2-4pm – Here’s the address: • 615 Bel Air Rd Bel Air MD 21014 ...
... • Celebrate the end of Bio 099 at the Outback Steakhouse next Saturday from 2-4pm – Here’s the address: • 615 Bel Air Rd Bel Air MD 21014 ...
Respiration ppt - mleonessciencepage
... the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Anaerobic - does not require oxygen • Cellular respiration - process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds • Citric acid -six-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle • Fermentation - the recycling of NAD+ under anae ...
... the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Anaerobic - does not require oxygen • Cellular respiration - process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds • Citric acid -six-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle • Fermentation - the recycling of NAD+ under anae ...
Cobalt Biology Discussion - 1-29-15
... hydratase catalyzes hydration of nitriles to amides, and is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds (Kobayashi et al., 1992). [4] Glucose isomerase catalyzes the reversible isomeration of D-glucose to D-fructose and is one of the most highly used enzymes in industry (Bhosale et al ...
... hydratase catalyzes hydration of nitriles to amides, and is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds (Kobayashi et al., 1992). [4] Glucose isomerase catalyzes the reversible isomeration of D-glucose to D-fructose and is one of the most highly used enzymes in industry (Bhosale et al ...
Redox cycling”
... thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compounds and are therefore often called reductants Compounds that easily take up electrons can often oxidize other compounds and can therefore be called oxidants The oxidiz ...
... thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compounds and are therefore often called reductants Compounds that easily take up electrons can often oxidize other compounds and can therefore be called oxidants The oxidiz ...
Solution Stoichiometry - Angelo State University
... strong electrolytes (soluble ionic compounds and strong acids) are written as ions (e.g., Na+, Cl-) • Insoluble precipitates, weak electrolytes, and molecules are left intact. • Ions that are not involved in the actual chemical change are called spectator ions. – Net ionic equation: shows only the i ...
... strong electrolytes (soluble ionic compounds and strong acids) are written as ions (e.g., Na+, Cl-) • Insoluble precipitates, weak electrolytes, and molecules are left intact. • Ions that are not involved in the actual chemical change are called spectator ions. – Net ionic equation: shows only the i ...
General Biology I (BIOLS 102)
... NAD+ and FAD Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by its own enzyme NAD+ is a redox coenzyme that can Oxidize a metabolite by accepting two electrons and a hydrogen ion; results in NADH Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons ...
... NAD+ and FAD Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by its own enzyme NAD+ is a redox coenzyme that can Oxidize a metabolite by accepting two electrons and a hydrogen ion; results in NADH Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons ...
Calculation of the Free Energy of Solvation for Neutral Analogs of
... was sufficient to ensure a smooth integrand. In cases where the curve to be integrated corresponding to eq. (1) showed an apparent discontinuity, the number of -points was increased as appropriate. To check that the value of the derivative at specific values of had converged, the sampling time at ...
... was sufficient to ensure a smooth integrand. In cases where the curve to be integrated corresponding to eq. (1) showed an apparent discontinuity, the number of -points was increased as appropriate. To check that the value of the derivative at specific values of had converged, the sampling time at ...
M01
... Lipids g oxidized by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS: superoxide, OH-, singlet oxygen, HOCL) Oxidative stress g circumstances that increase oxidant exposure result in increased formation of ROS (chemicals, drugs, decreased antioxidant capability) Free radicals (ROS) look for H in the body Lipids are hi ...
... Lipids g oxidized by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS: superoxide, OH-, singlet oxygen, HOCL) Oxidative stress g circumstances that increase oxidant exposure result in increased formation of ROS (chemicals, drugs, decreased antioxidant capability) Free radicals (ROS) look for H in the body Lipids are hi ...
SOD is an enzyme with four different types of metal
... radical, the body's first line of defense. Several forms of SOD exist: these are the proteins cofactored with either copper and zinc, or manganese, iron, or nickel. Thus, there are three families of superoxide dismutase, depending on the metal cofactor: Cu-Zn (binding both copper and zinc), Fe and M ...
... radical, the body's first line of defense. Several forms of SOD exist: these are the proteins cofactored with either copper and zinc, or manganese, iron, or nickel. Thus, there are three families of superoxide dismutase, depending on the metal cofactor: Cu-Zn (binding both copper and zinc), Fe and M ...
KS4-Chemical-Reactions
... substantial extent under the same conditions. • These lead to equilibrium mixtures of reactants and products. • One of the most important of these reactions occurs in the Haber Process. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ...
... substantial extent under the same conditions. • These lead to equilibrium mixtures of reactants and products. • One of the most important of these reactions occurs in the Haber Process. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ...
Radical (chemistry)
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hydroxyl_radical.png?width=300)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valency electrons.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired.Free radicals may be created in a number of ways, including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at very low temperatures, or breakup of larger molecules. The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule, such as ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, electrolysis, and chemical reactions. Indeed, radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions.Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In living organisms, the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.Until late in the 20th century the word ""radical"" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier ""free"" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and ""radical"" now implies ""free"". However, the old nomenclature may still occur in the literature.