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The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The First of the Final Common Pathways
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The First of the Final Common Pathways

... the energy released during this process is trapped in a molecule of GTP/ATP, a molecule of NADH, and a molecule of FADH2. The bond between succinate and CoA in succinyl-CoA is a high energy thioester bond. In animal cells the energy stored in this bond is used to drive the formation of a GTP or ATP ...
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Purification and Characterization of the Secondary
Purification and Characterization of the Secondary

... assimilated through the glyoxylate cycle. The C, moiety is assimilated through the cellular reduced C , pool (Coleman & Perry, 1984). Little is known about the enzymes responsible for the series of reactions that convert propane to acetate in this organism. There have been reports on the intermediar ...
The First Steps of Chemical Evolution towards the
The First Steps of Chemical Evolution towards the

... prevailed, this opinion has changed in the past decades. First of all, it was recognized that the gravitation of earth was not sufficient to keep hydrogen in its atmosphere, and, therefore, hydrogen would have escaped into space at an early stage of EarthFs existence [2]. On the other hand, the mean ...
Dynamic Model of the Process of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotic Cells
Dynamic Model of the Process of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotic Cells

... This reaction is considered here as an irreversible process. Step 3 in the process is the association of free eIF4E with eIF4G to form eIF4F (denoted as EF ) in a reversible reaction and enabling translation. Formation of EF occurs rapidly, while the reverse reaction depends on an external signal H, ...
Lactose Intolerance Lesson
Lactose Intolerance Lesson

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An Efficient Oxidation of Benzoins to Benzils by Manganese (II
An Efficient Oxidation of Benzoins to Benzils by Manganese (II

... donor atoms have shown an exponential increase as inorganic catalysts for various organic transformations. Distinct advantages of such ligands include their low cost, facile syntheses, and convenient incorporation of inexpensive, chiral 1,2-diamines into the ligand backbone. Moreover, the ligands ge ...
Editorial Integrated Approach in Systems Biology
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Allosteric pathways in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase
Allosteric pathways in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase

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Activity C14: Rate of a Chemical Reaction 1

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Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
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... Precipitation Reactions SOLUBILITY RULES: for Ionic Compounds (Salts) 1. All salts of alkali metals (IA) are soluble. 2. All NH4+ salts are soluble. 3. All salts containing the anions: NO3-, ClO3-, ClO4-, (C2H3O2-) are soluble. 4. All Cl-, Br-, and I- are soluble except for Hg22+, Ag+, and Pb2+ sal ...
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... as yet unidentified signaling molecules are those of mammals. All mammals emit chemical cues into the environment via urine, saliva or diverse secreted fluids. So far, only a few mammalian pheromones, especially of rodents, have been identified, and examination of their chemical nature reveals a wid ...
The Metabolic Network of Synechocystis sp. PCC
The Metabolic Network of Synechocystis sp. PCC

... phototrophic growth. We identify inconsistencies in the current gene annotation and suggest several genes with putative novel or different enzymatic activity for further experimental validation. Our work significantly improves upon earlier reconstructions, which were either restricted to the primary ...
Unit 8: Reactions
Unit 8: Reactions

... in any chemical reaction or physical change. Missing Mass examples: 1. Given that 35.0 g of N2(g) react with an unknown amount of H2(g) to produce 42.5 g of NH3(g), how many grams of H2(g) were used? i. 35.0 g of N2(g) + X g of H2(g) = 42.5 of NH3(g), therefore you first solve for 42.5 g– 35.0 g = 7 ...
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DOC-file of additional text

... IV. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) method Two values were assigned to each E. coli metabolic gene: a binary variable representing presence or absence of the gene in a given Buchnera genome, and the number of occurrences of the gene in 500 simulated reduced genomes. For each cut-off ( ...
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7.1 Describing Reactions

... How many shoes do you own? Because shoes come in twos, you would most likely count them by the pair rather than individually. The counting units you use depend on what you are counting. For example, you might count eggs by the dozen or paper by the ream. Chemists also need practical units for counti ...
Future perspectives in catalysis - NRSC
Future perspectives in catalysis - NRSC

... catalysts within reach. Scientists have found a common molecular basis for the chemical processes for which catalysis is used. These research fields have now been unified to form a general scientific framework. That means heterogeneous, homogeneous and bio-catalysis can now be studied within a singl ...
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Multi-state modeling of biomolecules

Multi-state modeling of biomolecules refers to a series of techniques used to represent and compute the behaviour of biological molecules or complexes that can adopt a large number of possible functional states.Biological signaling systems often rely on complexes of biological macromolecules that can undergo several functionally significant modifications that are mutually compatible. Thus, they can exist in a very large number of functionally different states. Modeling such multi-state systems poses two problems: The problem of how to describe and specify a multi-state system (the ""specification problem"") and the problem of how to use a computer to simulate the progress of the system over time (the ""computation problem""). To address the specification problem, modelers have in recent years moved away from explicit specification of all possible states, and towards rule-based formalisms that allow for implicit model specification, including the κ-calculus, BioNetGen, the Allosteric Network Compiler and others. To tackle the computation problem, they have turned to particle-based methods that have in many cases proved more computationally efficient than population-based methods based on ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, or the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm. Given current computing technology, particle-based methods are sometimes the only possible option. Particle-based simulators further fall into two categories: Non-spatial simulators such as StochSim, DYNSTOC, RuleMonkey, and NFSim and spatial simulators, including Meredys, SRSim and MCell. Modelers can thus choose from a variety of tools; the best choice depending on the particular problem. Development of faster and more powerful methods is ongoing, promising the ability to simulate ever more complex signaling processes in the future.
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