Microbial Metabolism
... catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important; you will see why by the end of this chapter. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing: some molecules are broken down while others are being sy ...
... catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important; you will see why by the end of this chapter. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing: some molecules are broken down while others are being sy ...
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) regulate receptor function
... secretion. In particular, the increased levels of ATP resulting from glucose metabolism alter the voltage across the cell membrane, such that Ca2+ enters the cell. The Ca2+ influx triggers the release of insulin. The β cells respond to insulin resistance by synthesizing and secreting more insulin in ...
... secretion. In particular, the increased levels of ATP resulting from glucose metabolism alter the voltage across the cell membrane, such that Ca2+ enters the cell. The Ca2+ influx triggers the release of insulin. The β cells respond to insulin resistance by synthesizing and secreting more insulin in ...
Fatty acids: Review
... synthesis using a biotin-mediated reaction mechanism that carboxylates acetyl CoA to form the C3 compound malonyl CoA. The activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase is regulated by both reversible phosphorylation (the active conformation is dephosphorylated) and allosteric mechanisms (citrate binding stimu ...
... synthesis using a biotin-mediated reaction mechanism that carboxylates acetyl CoA to form the C3 compound malonyl CoA. The activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase is regulated by both reversible phosphorylation (the active conformation is dephosphorylated) and allosteric mechanisms (citrate binding stimu ...
Amino Acid and Nucleobase Synthesis in Meteoritic Parent Bodies
... - Lowest cost amino acids (eg. G) found in most highly expressed proteins (eg. Akashi & Gojobori (2002) 3. As more amino acids added, proteins ever more useful - finally DNA/protein code takes over (eg. Wong 2005) 4. Thermodynamics + Darwinian selection may produce early codes with similar attribute ...
... - Lowest cost amino acids (eg. G) found in most highly expressed proteins (eg. Akashi & Gojobori (2002) 3. As more amino acids added, proteins ever more useful - finally DNA/protein code takes over (eg. Wong 2005) 4. Thermodynamics + Darwinian selection may produce early codes with similar attribute ...
Biochemistry Spring 2015 Exam III Name: Points
... Choice A: What is the critical micelle concentration and what is its relationship to detergents? Choice B: What is the principal structural difference between a phospholipid and a fatty acid and how does this difference affect the structures these compounds form in water? Choice C: Corn oil is a tri ...
... Choice A: What is the critical micelle concentration and what is its relationship to detergents? Choice B: What is the principal structural difference between a phospholipid and a fatty acid and how does this difference affect the structures these compounds form in water? Choice C: Corn oil is a tri ...
Notes - The University of Sydney
... average of these 2 pKas: (2.2 + 9.6)/2 = 5.9. The same process can be applied to the other uncharged amino acids; they will all have similar pIs. The pI alters dramatically when the amino acid has a charged side chain ie aspartate, glutamate, histidine, arginine and lysine. In the case of the acidic ...
... average of these 2 pKas: (2.2 + 9.6)/2 = 5.9. The same process can be applied to the other uncharged amino acids; they will all have similar pIs. The pI alters dramatically when the amino acid has a charged side chain ie aspartate, glutamate, histidine, arginine and lysine. In the case of the acidic ...
Cancer Cell Metabolism - Roswell Park Cancer Institute
... convert nutrients and endogenous molecules to energy and matter (proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) that sustain life A sequence of chemical reactions, where the product of one reaction serves as a substrate for the next, is called a metabolic pathway or biochemical pathway Most metabolic pathways ...
... convert nutrients and endogenous molecules to energy and matter (proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) that sustain life A sequence of chemical reactions, where the product of one reaction serves as a substrate for the next, is called a metabolic pathway or biochemical pathway Most metabolic pathways ...
Amino Acids are the Building Blocks of Proteins
... stereochemistry. The arrangement of atoms around the alpha-carbon may be “right-handed” or “left-handed” to form a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid. The L-amino acids are the naturally occurring form used to make proteins. If you hold the hydrogen atom attached to the alpha carbon in your fist, then ...
... stereochemistry. The arrangement of atoms around the alpha-carbon may be “right-handed” or “left-handed” to form a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid. The L-amino acids are the naturally occurring form used to make proteins. If you hold the hydrogen atom attached to the alpha carbon in your fist, then ...
Amino Acids Are the Building Blocks Of Proteins
... stereochemistry. The arrangement of atoms around the alpha-carbon may be “right-handed” or “left-handed” to form a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid. The L-amino acids are the naturally occurring form used to make proteins. If you hold the hydrogen atom attached to the alpha carbon in your fist, then ...
... stereochemistry. The arrangement of atoms around the alpha-carbon may be “right-handed” or “left-handed” to form a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid. The L-amino acids are the naturally occurring form used to make proteins. If you hold the hydrogen atom attached to the alpha carbon in your fist, then ...
Responses to challenges
... #19) Key A; Challenging to Accept E and A though the large negative free energy reaction tells us that it is spontaneous and will go to completion eventually. however this only tells us about the thermodynamics of the reactions. therefore, yes an enzyme be used to to speed up the process (showing us ...
... #19) Key A; Challenging to Accept E and A though the large negative free energy reaction tells us that it is spontaneous and will go to completion eventually. however this only tells us about the thermodynamics of the reactions. therefore, yes an enzyme be used to to speed up the process (showing us ...
Respiration - Biology Junction
... with hydrogen, especially in carbohydrates and fats. • However, these fuels do not spontaneously combine with O2 because they lack the activation energy. • Enzymes lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing these fuels to be oxidized slowly. ...
... with hydrogen, especially in carbohydrates and fats. • However, these fuels do not spontaneously combine with O2 because they lack the activation energy. • Enzymes lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing these fuels to be oxidized slowly. ...
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes - Beck-Shop
... Mitochondria receive energy-yielding [Energie freisetzend] chemical intermediates from two ancient metabolic pathways, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (Fig. 19-4), that evolved in the common ancestor of living things. Both pathways feed into the equally ancient citric acid cycle of energy-yieldi ...
... Mitochondria receive energy-yielding [Energie freisetzend] chemical intermediates from two ancient metabolic pathways, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (Fig. 19-4), that evolved in the common ancestor of living things. Both pathways feed into the equally ancient citric acid cycle of energy-yieldi ...
Translation
... A) UUU and UUC both code for Phe; UUU codes only for Phe. B) UUU codes only for Phe; UUU and UUC both code for Phe. C) UUU codes for both Phe and Ser; UUU and UUC both code for Phe and Ser. D) UUU and UUC both code for Phe and Ser; UUU codes for both Phe and Ser. ...
... A) UUU and UUC both code for Phe; UUU codes only for Phe. B) UUU codes only for Phe; UUU and UUC both code for Phe. C) UUU codes for both Phe and Ser; UUU and UUC both code for Phe and Ser. D) UUU and UUC both code for Phe and Ser; UUU codes for both Phe and Ser. ...
Amino acid and protein
... Why benzene ring in phenylalanine is inactive Phenylalanine still reacts with nitric acid, just not as readily as Tyr or Trp because Tyr and Trp have electron donors (hydroxyl and the nitrogen heteroatom), which make the ring a lot more attractive for electrophilic nitration. To get Phe to reac ...
... Why benzene ring in phenylalanine is inactive Phenylalanine still reacts with nitric acid, just not as readily as Tyr or Trp because Tyr and Trp have electron donors (hydroxyl and the nitrogen heteroatom), which make the ring a lot more attractive for electrophilic nitration. To get Phe to reac ...
R-lipoic acid inhibits mammalian pyruvate
... involved in glucose breakdown are impaired in post-mortem brain tissue. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity (PDHc) is one of the enzymes known to be reduced, while succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH), another enzyme of oxidative glucose metabolism is unchanged. In dementia of vascular type (D ...
... involved in glucose breakdown are impaired in post-mortem brain tissue. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity (PDHc) is one of the enzymes known to be reduced, while succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH), another enzyme of oxidative glucose metabolism is unchanged. In dementia of vascular type (D ...
Amino acid and protein
... Why benzene ring in phenylalanine is inactive Phenylalanine still reacts with nitric acid, just not as readily as Tyr or Trp because Tyr and Trp have electron donors (hydroxyl and the nitrogen heteroatom), which make the ring a lot more attractive for electrophilic nitration. To get Phe to reac ...
... Why benzene ring in phenylalanine is inactive Phenylalanine still reacts with nitric acid, just not as readily as Tyr or Trp because Tyr and Trp have electron donors (hydroxyl and the nitrogen heteroatom), which make the ring a lot more attractive for electrophilic nitration. To get Phe to reac ...
No Slide Title
... concentration is added gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. ________________ – the point at which the reaction is complete _______________ – substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point ...
... concentration is added gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. ________________ – the point at which the reaction is complete _______________ – substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point ...
Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation
... travel to skeletal muscle and are converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid (Krebs) cycle to produce ATP. ...
... travel to skeletal muscle and are converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid (Krebs) cycle to produce ATP. ...
Photosynthesis and alternate pathways
... localization and adaptations. CAM plants are mostly found in hot environments and have thick, succulent leaves. In CAM plants rubisco is distributed throughout the leaf mesophyll, not just in the bundle sheath. Therefore, they can’t afford to have their stomates open during the day. They fix carbon ...
... localization and adaptations. CAM plants are mostly found in hot environments and have thick, succulent leaves. In CAM plants rubisco is distributed throughout the leaf mesophyll, not just in the bundle sheath. Therefore, they can’t afford to have their stomates open during the day. They fix carbon ...
UG Curriculum
... 1. Need not know the structure of cholesterol. Should know why it cannot be carried free in plasma. 2. Mutarotation should not be taught. Student should know why amylase will not hydrolyse cellulose. 3. Need not know the details of alpha - helix and beta – pleats in proteins. 4. Need not know mechan ...
... 1. Need not know the structure of cholesterol. Should know why it cannot be carried free in plasma. 2. Mutarotation should not be taught. Student should know why amylase will not hydrolyse cellulose. 3. Need not know the details of alpha - helix and beta – pleats in proteins. 4. Need not know mechan ...
ATPase - cloudfront.net
... ATPase is found in eubacterial, archaebacterial, and eukaryotic species In a large number of cellular processes, such as protein degradation, vesicle fusion, cell cycle control, and cellular secretory processes ...
... ATPase is found in eubacterial, archaebacterial, and eukaryotic species In a large number of cellular processes, such as protein degradation, vesicle fusion, cell cycle control, and cellular secretory processes ...
lecture CH21 chem131pikul
... • They increase the rate of a reaction (106 to 1012 times faster), but are unchanged themselves. • Enzymes are very specific; each enzyme catalyzes a certain reaction or type of reaction only. • The names of most enzymes end with the suffix -ase like peptidase, lipase, and hydrolase • A cofactor ...
... • They increase the rate of a reaction (106 to 1012 times faster), but are unchanged themselves. • Enzymes are very specific; each enzyme catalyzes a certain reaction or type of reaction only. • The names of most enzymes end with the suffix -ase like peptidase, lipase, and hydrolase • A cofactor ...
Week 1 Pre-Lecture Slides
... How well do you expect octane to dissolve in a pure solution of liquid ethanol? How well do you expect nitrate to dissolve in a pure solution of liquid methane? Butane does not dissolve well in water. Why? Explain your answer in terms of water molecules and their weak binding to each other. ...
... How well do you expect octane to dissolve in a pure solution of liquid ethanol? How well do you expect nitrate to dissolve in a pure solution of liquid methane? Butane does not dissolve well in water. Why? Explain your answer in terms of water molecules and their weak binding to each other. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.