Metabolic Responses to Cardiac Hypoxia
... when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between transamination of amino acids and succinate production. In addition, it is suggested that anaerobic m ...
... when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between transamination of amino acids and succinate production. In addition, it is suggested that anaerobic m ...
Every dogma has its day
... photosynthetic CO2 fixation was like a slightly opened black box. With 14 C in hand scientists mapped out the path of carbon in green plant photosynthesis in the course of a few years. The impressive reductive pentose phosphate cycle was almost immediately assumed to be universal in autotrophs, incl ...
... photosynthetic CO2 fixation was like a slightly opened black box. With 14 C in hand scientists mapped out the path of carbon in green plant photosynthesis in the course of a few years. The impressive reductive pentose phosphate cycle was almost immediately assumed to be universal in autotrophs, incl ...
The Utilization by Yeasts of Acids of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... to the organic acid being tested. In 1948,Wickerham & Burton reported that many yeasts could grow with intermediates of the TCA cycle as sole sources of carbon, utilizing citric, succinic, fumaric and malic acids. Wickerham (1951)described 15 species of the genus Huwenula; strains of 12 of these spe ...
... to the organic acid being tested. In 1948,Wickerham & Burton reported that many yeasts could grow with intermediates of the TCA cycle as sole sources of carbon, utilizing citric, succinic, fumaric and malic acids. Wickerham (1951)described 15 species of the genus Huwenula; strains of 12 of these spe ...
Biochemical Pathways
... they are able to use the energy to power activities such as reproduction, movement, and growth. These reactions form a biochemical pathway when they are linked to one another. The products of one reaction are used as the reactants for the next. Organisms such as green plants, algae, and certain bact ...
... they are able to use the energy to power activities such as reproduction, movement, and growth. These reactions form a biochemical pathway when they are linked to one another. The products of one reaction are used as the reactants for the next. Organisms such as green plants, algae, and certain bact ...
Indexing Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Flux in Intact Hearts by Carbon
... necessarily equal, to total TCA cycle flux. This approach to TCA cycle flux calculation is based on the time difference between the appearance of tracer in various positions of the same TCA cycle-derived metabolite and is, therefore, independent of substrate-tracer input considerations. For instance ...
... necessarily equal, to total TCA cycle flux. This approach to TCA cycle flux calculation is based on the time difference between the appearance of tracer in various positions of the same TCA cycle-derived metabolite and is, therefore, independent of substrate-tracer input considerations. For instance ...
Involvement of mitochondria in the assimilatory
... this column by the use of a refraction index detector which was coupled in line with the UV detector. Isolation of mitochondria from anaerobic cells. For the isolation of mitochondria, the procedure of Bruinenberg e t al. (1985) was adopted. T o prevent adaptation to aerobic conditions, all buffers ...
... this column by the use of a refraction index detector which was coupled in line with the UV detector. Isolation of mitochondria from anaerobic cells. For the isolation of mitochondria, the procedure of Bruinenberg e t al. (1985) was adopted. T o prevent adaptation to aerobic conditions, all buffers ...
ch04-Cellular-Metabolism-Anatomy
... • changed from one form to another • involved in all metabolic reactions Release of chemical energy • most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy • oxidation of glucose generates chemical energy to promote cellular metabolism • cellular respiration releases chemical energy from molecules ...
... • changed from one form to another • involved in all metabolic reactions Release of chemical energy • most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy • oxidation of glucose generates chemical energy to promote cellular metabolism • cellular respiration releases chemical energy from molecules ...
Phenyllactic Acid: A Potential Antimicrobial Compound in Lactic acid
... ά-ketoglutarate. The phenylalanine is first transaminated to phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and PPA is further reduced to PhLA [28,29,30]. The transamination reaction is mediated by aromatic amino acid transferase (AAT) which has broad substrate specificity including leucine, tyrosine and methionine [31]. ...
... ά-ketoglutarate. The phenylalanine is first transaminated to phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and PPA is further reduced to PhLA [28,29,30]. The transamination reaction is mediated by aromatic amino acid transferase (AAT) which has broad substrate specificity including leucine, tyrosine and methionine [31]. ...
CSU Agricultural Research Initiative
... lactose was optimized, validated and tested in dairy products. Repeatability (RSD<5%) and linearity (R2>0.99) were calculated for each compound, with detection limit values as low as 0.2·10-2 mM for citric acid and Gly. The method was applied to analyze yogurt and different varieties of commercial c ...
... lactose was optimized, validated and tested in dairy products. Repeatability (RSD<5%) and linearity (R2>0.99) were calculated for each compound, with detection limit values as low as 0.2·10-2 mM for citric acid and Gly. The method was applied to analyze yogurt and different varieties of commercial c ...
Phenyl Acetate Preparation ( from Phenol and
... Initial experiments with phenol and acetic acid established both that the eauilibrium was reached only relatively slowly and that this c&nprised not more than about 13.5% ester (Table 1). Water removal via acetic acid azeotroping markedly raised this, so that preparations employing this technique an ...
... Initial experiments with phenol and acetic acid established both that the eauilibrium was reached only relatively slowly and that this c&nprised not more than about 13.5% ester (Table 1). Water removal via acetic acid azeotroping markedly raised this, so that preparations employing this technique an ...
Chapter 6A Chemical Reactions CHAPTER OUTLINE
... the transfer of hydrogen atoms produces energy in the cells. q For example, cellular respiration is an oxidationreduction process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ...
... the transfer of hydrogen atoms produces energy in the cells. q For example, cellular respiration is an oxidationreduction process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ...
Chapters 10 and 11 Enzymes Enzymes are specialized proteins that
... Many enzymes require coenzymes or cofactors in order to carry out their reaction. 1) ATP – adenosine triphosphate ...
... Many enzymes require coenzymes or cofactors in order to carry out their reaction. 1) ATP – adenosine triphosphate ...
Biochemistry
... SEMINAR / TEST I Amino acids, peptides, proteins The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharge ...
... SEMINAR / TEST I Amino acids, peptides, proteins The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharge ...
Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary metabolites
... The term ‘glycoside’ is a very general one which embraces all the many and varied combinations of sugars and aglycones The metabolic process of glycoside formation essentially consists of two parts. 1.The first part of biosynthesis is the reactions by means of which various type of aglycones are for ...
... The term ‘glycoside’ is a very general one which embraces all the many and varied combinations of sugars and aglycones The metabolic process of glycoside formation essentially consists of two parts. 1.The first part of biosynthesis is the reactions by means of which various type of aglycones are for ...
BCH101 8 Enzymes
... The amino acid residues in the vicinity of rings 4 and 5 provide a plausible mechanism for completing the catalytic act. Residue 35, glutamic acid (Glu-35), is about 3Å from the -O- bridge that is to be broken. The free carboxyl group of glutamic acid is a hydrogen ion donor and available to transfe ...
... The amino acid residues in the vicinity of rings 4 and 5 provide a plausible mechanism for completing the catalytic act. Residue 35, glutamic acid (Glu-35), is about 3Å from the -O- bridge that is to be broken. The free carboxyl group of glutamic acid is a hydrogen ion donor and available to transfe ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is the science concerned the chemical
... SEMINAR / TEST I Amino acids, peptides, proteins The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharge ...
... SEMINAR / TEST I Amino acids, peptides, proteins The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharge ...
Recent developments in photorespiration research
... the GDC reaction cycle has been completed and S-oxidized H-protein is ready for re-use by P-protein. As the major result, the one-carbon compound CH2 -THF has been synthesized for subsequent use by SHMT. In addition, NADH and the waste products CO2 and NH3 were produced. Using malate as a vehicle, u ...
... the GDC reaction cycle has been completed and S-oxidized H-protein is ready for re-use by P-protein. As the major result, the one-carbon compound CH2 -THF has been synthesized for subsequent use by SHMT. In addition, NADH and the waste products CO2 and NH3 were produced. Using malate as a vehicle, u ...
2) α-D-xylose
... 2. Glucose syrup: DE> 20: used in agricultural food industry 3. Glucose syrups enriched in fructose: *known also as “high frucrose corn syrups HFCSs” and as “Isoglucoses” *contain 40-90% fructose * used as sweetners in liquid preparations *prepared by enzymatic conversion from glucose syrup, followe ...
... 2. Glucose syrup: DE> 20: used in agricultural food industry 3. Glucose syrups enriched in fructose: *known also as “high frucrose corn syrups HFCSs” and as “Isoglucoses” *contain 40-90% fructose * used as sweetners in liquid preparations *prepared by enzymatic conversion from glucose syrup, followe ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is the science concerned the chemical
... The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharged; acidic, basic). The amphoteric properties of ...
... The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharged; acidic, basic). The amphoteric properties of ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is the science concerned the chemical
... The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharged; acidic, basic). The amphoteric properties of ...
... The key problems: The structure of protein amino acids. The classification of amino acids according to both the polarity and the structural features of their side chains (e. g. polar, nonpolar; aliphatic, aromatic; sulfur-containing; charged, uncharged; acidic, basic). The amphoteric properties of ...
Energy - Peter Consterdine.com
... There is, however, only a limited supply of ATP within the muscle cell, probably only enough to perform maximal exertion for two to three seconds, such as a maximal weight lift or a sprint start. If we had to carry an unlimited supply of ATP we would have to carry the body’s equivalent weight aroun ...
... There is, however, only a limited supply of ATP within the muscle cell, probably only enough to perform maximal exertion for two to three seconds, such as a maximal weight lift or a sprint start. If we had to carry an unlimited supply of ATP we would have to carry the body’s equivalent weight aroun ...
top408b1_2006
... -KG: Proline biosynthesis was done according to Fig 25.20, page 824. Most texts merge the first two steps into a "Kinase D.H." but learn it as shown here. G.S.A. spontaneously cyclizes, forming a Schiff base, which can then be reduced to give Pro. The Orn pathway (Fig 25.21, p. 825) is similar in m ...
... -KG: Proline biosynthesis was done according to Fig 25.20, page 824. Most texts merge the first two steps into a "Kinase D.H." but learn it as shown here. G.S.A. spontaneously cyclizes, forming a Schiff base, which can then be reduced to give Pro. The Orn pathway (Fig 25.21, p. 825) is similar in m ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... example, a phosphate cannot be transferred to ADP from an ester phosphate -CH,O-(P) because the -CH,O- is a poor leaving group]. An obvious condition for a net ATP synthesis is that the phosphate group is previously transferred to the intermediate as inorganic phosphate ; the possible mechanisms for ...
... example, a phosphate cannot be transferred to ADP from an ester phosphate -CH,O-(P) because the -CH,O- is a poor leaving group]. An obvious condition for a net ATP synthesis is that the phosphate group is previously transferred to the intermediate as inorganic phosphate ; the possible mechanisms for ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.