- Wiley Online Library
... landscape. Dispersal, upon which gene flow depends, is greatly influenced by the landscape, and thus alterations to the landscape can drastically affect levels of gene flow among populations. For instance, it is well established that the geographical (Euclidean) distance between suitable habitat patche ...
... landscape. Dispersal, upon which gene flow depends, is greatly influenced by the landscape, and thus alterations to the landscape can drastically affect levels of gene flow among populations. For instance, it is well established that the geographical (Euclidean) distance between suitable habitat patche ...
Ecological community integration increases with added trophic
... asymmetric community competition could potentially generate cascades of species extirpations. A recurring theme in the history of life is the combination of previously independent components as a basis for major evolutionary transitions, e.g., in the origins of chromosomes, eukaryotes, sexual reprod ...
... asymmetric community competition could potentially generate cascades of species extirpations. A recurring theme in the history of life is the combination of previously independent components as a basis for major evolutionary transitions, e.g., in the origins of chromosomes, eukaryotes, sexual reprod ...
Biodiversity Principles and Applications
... Taxonomic diversity is the diversity of species within genera, families, and orders. This definition is different from the more ecological ones described so far, but is useful in systematics and is a type of biodiversity. For example, there can be many species within one genus. Finally, genetic (int ...
... Taxonomic diversity is the diversity of species within genera, families, and orders. This definition is different from the more ecological ones described so far, but is useful in systematics and is a type of biodiversity. For example, there can be many species within one genus. Finally, genetic (int ...
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... cision makers to the general public. Because of its developing role as a policy tool in monitoring progress toward the 2010 biodiversity target, it is becoming evermore important that the indicator is as robust, sensitive, and unbiased as possible. Ideally an indicator measuring change in population ...
... cision makers to the general public. Because of its developing role as a policy tool in monitoring progress toward the 2010 biodiversity target, it is becoming evermore important that the indicator is as robust, sensitive, and unbiased as possible. Ideally an indicator measuring change in population ...
Wild species have value
... developing world • In the developing world, biodiversity is greatest – So is human population growth • Asia and Africa have lost 67% of their original natural habitat – People’s desire for a better life – Desperate poverty – Global market for timber and other resources • We must reduce human populat ...
... developing world • In the developing world, biodiversity is greatest – So is human population growth • Asia and Africa have lost 67% of their original natural habitat – People’s desire for a better life – Desperate poverty – Global market for timber and other resources • We must reduce human populat ...
Weighting and indirect effects identify keystone species in food webs
... an et al. 2006). An increasing number of studies now consider weighted networks in ecology (Jord an et al. 2006; Borrett 2013; Ulanowicz et al. 2014), which can dramatically alter the conclusions about node importance (Scotti et al. 2007; Jord an 2009). In many quantitative food webs, link weights ...
... an et al. 2006). An increasing number of studies now consider weighted networks in ecology (Jord an et al. 2006; Borrett 2013; Ulanowicz et al. 2014), which can dramatically alter the conclusions about node importance (Scotti et al. 2007; Jord an 2009). In many quantitative food webs, link weights ...
Interspecific competition in metapopulations
... unambiguously shown that this is the case. In Tvarminne (Pajunen, 1986) as well as on the Swedish coast (Bengtsson, 1989), 10-20% of the populations became extinct each year, and colonizations of empty pools occurred at a similar rate. Although resting eggs of freshwater crustaceans can survive more ...
... unambiguously shown that this is the case. In Tvarminne (Pajunen, 1986) as well as on the Swedish coast (Bengtsson, 1989), 10-20% of the populations became extinct each year, and colonizations of empty pools occurred at a similar rate. Although resting eggs of freshwater crustaceans can survive more ...
Case studies in the conservation of biodiversity: degradation and
... ground-truthing, less comprehensive monitoring coverage, and difficulty in identifying taxa. Habitat degradation is the process by which habitat quality for a given species is diminished. Conceivably, habitat quality is a less extreme environmental change than complete loss of habitat. Ideally, habi ...
... ground-truthing, less comprehensive monitoring coverage, and difficulty in identifying taxa. Habitat degradation is the process by which habitat quality for a given species is diminished. Conceivably, habitat quality is a less extreme environmental change than complete loss of habitat. Ideally, habi ...
Biodiversity: Structure and Function
... environmental stress, caused by human beings in the form of pollutants, for example, lead to reduced biological diversity on all levels (genes, species, and communities) and for all functional roles. At the moment in many cases it is not yet sufficiently clear how severely these changes in diversity ...
... environmental stress, caused by human beings in the form of pollutants, for example, lead to reduced biological diversity on all levels (genes, species, and communities) and for all functional roles. At the moment in many cases it is not yet sufficiently clear how severely these changes in diversity ...
Biodiversity ssc hsc 10th 12th cbsc state borad
... Provisioning services which involve the production of renewable resources (e.g.: food, wood, fresh water) Regulating services which are those that lessen environmental change (e.g.: climate regulation, pest/disease control) Cultural services represent human value and enjoyment (e.g.: landscape aesth ...
... Provisioning services which involve the production of renewable resources (e.g.: food, wood, fresh water) Regulating services which are those that lessen environmental change (e.g.: climate regulation, pest/disease control) Cultural services represent human value and enjoyment (e.g.: landscape aesth ...
Causes of Mass Extinctions - With Special Reference to Vanishing
... volcanic ash inputted micro-nutrient iron into the ocean, fertilizing surface waters and generating a global phytoplanktonic bloom, which in turn depleted oxygen in deep ocean. Castle and Rodgers (2009) introduced another opinion concerning anoxia. These authors concluded that characteristics and oc ...
... volcanic ash inputted micro-nutrient iron into the ocean, fertilizing surface waters and generating a global phytoplanktonic bloom, which in turn depleted oxygen in deep ocean. Castle and Rodgers (2009) introduced another opinion concerning anoxia. These authors concluded that characteristics and oc ...
On size and area: Patterns of mammalian body size extremes
... case, medium-sized species are on average less variable in numbers. Population density and variability are two of the major determinants of extinction probability (e.g. MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Leigh, 1981; Diamond, 1984a; Goodman, 1987; Pimm et al., 1988). Since probability of extinction decreas ...
... case, medium-sized species are on average less variable in numbers. Population density and variability are two of the major determinants of extinction probability (e.g. MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Leigh, 1981; Diamond, 1984a; Goodman, 1987; Pimm et al., 1988). Since probability of extinction decreas ...
SHALOM: a landscape simulation model for understanding animal
... such as ‘‘energy supply’’ and ‘‘resource-proportion productivity.’’ ‘‘Energy supply’’ is given by multiplying productivity (energy per unit of time per unit of area) by the patch’s area, while productivity is calculated as a linear function of the product temperature times precipitation (Rosenzweig ...
... such as ‘‘energy supply’’ and ‘‘resource-proportion productivity.’’ ‘‘Energy supply’’ is given by multiplying productivity (energy per unit of time per unit of area) by the patch’s area, while productivity is calculated as a linear function of the product temperature times precipitation (Rosenzweig ...
NEAC-2012-13 Biodiversity conservation English
... NEAC Programme: theme “Biodiversity Conservation” The Act envisages a three-tier structure to regulate access to the biological resources, comprising of National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), State Biodiversity Boards (SBB) and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) at the local level The N ...
... NEAC Programme: theme “Biodiversity Conservation” The Act envisages a three-tier structure to regulate access to the biological resources, comprising of National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), State Biodiversity Boards (SBB) and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) at the local level The N ...
Population Viability Analysis Annual Review of Ecology and
... models may yield robust results; stochastic models are often too complex to be solved analytically and thus require use of simulation methods. Usually, conclusions from stochastic models in ecology are strikingly different from deterministic ones (26). This is generally true because of (i) large var ...
... models may yield robust results; stochastic models are often too complex to be solved analytically and thus require use of simulation methods. Usually, conclusions from stochastic models in ecology are strikingly different from deterministic ones (26). This is generally true because of (i) large var ...
Conservation of species interaction networks
... to fluctuations in prey species abundances, and generalist predators that can maintain their populations on alternative prey may be more effective biological control agents (Landis et al., 2000). However, when comparing networks of different sizes, the probability of secondary extinction (Solé and Mo ...
... to fluctuations in prey species abundances, and generalist predators that can maintain their populations on alternative prey may be more effective biological control agents (Landis et al., 2000). However, when comparing networks of different sizes, the probability of secondary extinction (Solé and Mo ...
Big APES Exam review questions for each unit
... 5. Distinguish between the following words: biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere and stratosphere. 6. Name six different types of cycles that occur in nature. Describe or draw 3-4 transitions for each cycle. Explain which portions of each cycle are a ...
... 5. Distinguish between the following words: biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere and stratosphere. 6. Name six different types of cycles that occur in nature. Describe or draw 3-4 transitions for each cycle. Explain which portions of each cycle are a ...
VIII.6 - UCLA EEB
... In 1997 Tom Smith and colleagues promoted a very different approach to using insights from evolutionary biology to conserve biodiversity. Smith argued, based on an analysis of a dozen populations of an African bird species, that there is a tremendous level of morphological differentiation between bi ...
... In 1997 Tom Smith and colleagues promoted a very different approach to using insights from evolutionary biology to conserve biodiversity. Smith argued, based on an analysis of a dozen populations of an African bird species, that there is a tremendous level of morphological differentiation between bi ...
Reproductive dynamics of three amphibian species in
... spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns of reproduction that may be described as local colonisation and extinction dynamics (Peltonen & Hanski, 1991). Modelling those two processes from long-term data is a key to better understanding of how environmental unpredictability shapes reproductive ...
... spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns of reproduction that may be described as local colonisation and extinction dynamics (Peltonen & Hanski, 1991). Modelling those two processes from long-term data is a key to better understanding of how environmental unpredictability shapes reproductive ...
Biodiversity and Conservation
... Loss: Chemical Pollutants Chemical Selectivity: many pesticides used in agriculture are toxic to a broad-range of species; others are selective and only toxic to a small group of species Case Studies: Glyphosphate (active ingredient in “Round Up” Herbicide-used on crop and non-crop vegetation ...
... Loss: Chemical Pollutants Chemical Selectivity: many pesticides used in agriculture are toxic to a broad-range of species; others are selective and only toxic to a small group of species Case Studies: Glyphosphate (active ingredient in “Round Up” Herbicide-used on crop and non-crop vegetation ...
Tilburg University A paleoeconomic theory of co
... agricultural production, and the production of non-food goods. While agriculture is a substitute activity for hunting, they find the presence of agriculture has little bearing on whether megafauna go extinct. The presence of a substitute prey is the most important factor. Agriculture would have been ...
... agricultural production, and the production of non-food goods. While agriculture is a substitute activity for hunting, they find the presence of agriculture has little bearing on whether megafauna go extinct. The presence of a substitute prey is the most important factor. Agriculture would have been ...
Paleozoic Life
... Cretaceous Period) – (2) a widespread marine regression resulting from glacial conditions – (3) volcanic eruptions -> CO2 -> warming -> collapsed ocean circulation -> anoxia -> euxinia ...
... Cretaceous Period) – (2) a widespread marine regression resulting from glacial conditions – (3) volcanic eruptions -> CO2 -> warming -> collapsed ocean circulation -> anoxia -> euxinia ...
modeling the role of primary productivity disruption in end
... lists and precise correlations are not yet available for all Dicynodon zone localities (although see Kitching, 1977), we treated all taxa reported from the assemblage zone as a single paleoecological community. This is a simplification, however, because not all taxa reported from the zone have strat ...
... lists and precise correlations are not yet available for all Dicynodon zone localities (although see Kitching, 1977), we treated all taxa reported from the assemblage zone as a single paleoecological community. This is a simplification, however, because not all taxa reported from the zone have strat ...
Translocation strategies for multiple species depend on interspecific
... greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) into the Arid Recovery Reserve in Australia failed because the predation by native and introduced predators was not adequately considered (Moseby et al. 2011). As competition is known to reduce species’ growth rates (Murr ...
... greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) into the Arid Recovery Reserve in Australia failed because the predation by native and introduced predators was not adequately considered (Moseby et al. 2011). As competition is known to reduce species’ growth rates (Murr ...
Threatened Endangered Extant Extinct Wildlife Species
... • The Endangered Species Act Amendment of 1978 established a Cabinet level Endangered Species Committee. • The last change came with the Endangered Species Act Amendment of 1982, which allowed by permit the taking of listed species. • It also prohibited taking plants on Federal ...
... • The Endangered Species Act Amendment of 1978 established a Cabinet level Endangered Species Committee. • The last change came with the Endangered Species Act Amendment of 1982, which allowed by permit the taking of listed species. • It also prohibited taking plants on Federal ...
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly ""reappears"" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.