Dose-Dependent Modulation of the In Vitro
... Lead pollution constitutes a major health problem that has been intensively debated. To reveal its effects on the immune response, the influence of lead on the in vitro cytokine production of human peripheral mononuclear blood cells was investigated. Isolated cells were exposed to lead acetate or le ...
... Lead pollution constitutes a major health problem that has been intensively debated. To reveal its effects on the immune response, the influence of lead on the in vitro cytokine production of human peripheral mononuclear blood cells was investigated. Isolated cells were exposed to lead acetate or le ...
Immunology and Immunotherapy in allergic disease
... for several days. It is characterized by more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and CD4+ T cells as well as tissue destruction in the form of mucosal epithelial cell damage. Antigen presenting cells (APC) take up antigen, process it inside the cell, ...
... for several days. It is characterized by more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and CD4+ T cells as well as tissue destruction in the form of mucosal epithelial cell damage. Antigen presenting cells (APC) take up antigen, process it inside the cell, ...
Chapter 16
... Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis • Margination is the sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to cytokines at the site of ...
... Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis • Margination is the sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to cytokines at the site of ...
Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1
... responses, and their activation is multifaceted and requires distinct signals. The first signal occurs when the TCR recognizes the antigenic peptide bound to MHC molecules on APCs. The second signal, the costimulatory signal, can either be positive or negative, the former necessary for achieving ful ...
... responses, and their activation is multifaceted and requires distinct signals. The first signal occurs when the TCR recognizes the antigenic peptide bound to MHC molecules on APCs. The second signal, the costimulatory signal, can either be positive or negative, the former necessary for achieving ful ...
cliff
... "active" immune system to recognize and generate a protective response to that infection (1). Macrophages also provide a means for the body to rid itself of cells undergoing apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Once an apoptotic cell or hostile bacteria has been identified, macrophages undergo phago ...
... "active" immune system to recognize and generate a protective response to that infection (1). Macrophages also provide a means for the body to rid itself of cells undergoing apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Once an apoptotic cell or hostile bacteria has been identified, macrophages undergo phago ...
Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection REVI E W Open Access
... responses, and their activation is multifaceted and requires distinct signals. The first signal occurs when the TCR recognizes the antigenic peptide bound to MHC molecules on APCs. The second signal, the costimulatory signal, can either be positive or negative, the former necessary for achieving ful ...
... responses, and their activation is multifaceted and requires distinct signals. The first signal occurs when the TCR recognizes the antigenic peptide bound to MHC molecules on APCs. The second signal, the costimulatory signal, can either be positive or negative, the former necessary for achieving ful ...
Increase in Peripheral Blood Intermediate Monocytes is Associated
... antigen-presenting function with a dendritic cell-like feature [13]. It has been documented that intermediate monocytes exhibit enriched expression in antigen-presenting-related factors such as major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) subunits, CD74 (class II invariant chain), human leukoc ...
... antigen-presenting function with a dendritic cell-like feature [13]. It has been documented that intermediate monocytes exhibit enriched expression in antigen-presenting-related factors such as major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) subunits, CD74 (class II invariant chain), human leukoc ...
Trade-offs in antibody repertoires to complex antigens
... GCs, B cells undergo cycles of replication with somatic hypermutation and selection. Somatic hypermutation preferentially introduces point mutations into the variable region of the B-cell receptor (BCR), the portion that interacts with antigen. On average, one mutation is introduced per round of rep ...
... GCs, B cells undergo cycles of replication with somatic hypermutation and selection. Somatic hypermutation preferentially introduces point mutations into the variable region of the B-cell receptor (BCR), the portion that interacts with antigen. On average, one mutation is introduced per round of rep ...
acute phase response
... transplanted tumors in mice in vivo. This turned out to be the agent responsible for cachexia, evolving with severe chronic diseases, which gave him the second name "cachectin". TNF-producing cells, and are primarily macrophages, and in addition, T -, B-cells, T-killer cells, neutrophils, eosinophil ...
... transplanted tumors in mice in vivo. This turned out to be the agent responsible for cachexia, evolving with severe chronic diseases, which gave him the second name "cachectin". TNF-producing cells, and are primarily macrophages, and in addition, T -, B-cells, T-killer cells, neutrophils, eosinophil ...
Do CD8 effector cells need IL-7R expression to
... between these subsets most likely permit a degree of independence in their regulation.2 During immune responses, however, activation of naive T cells by foreign peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) uncouples the cells from these homeostatic constraints so that they can undergo a rapid expa ...
... between these subsets most likely permit a degree of independence in their regulation.2 During immune responses, however, activation of naive T cells by foreign peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) uncouples the cells from these homeostatic constraints so that they can undergo a rapid expa ...
Regulated MIP-3/CCL20 production by human intestinal epithelium
... mechanism for modulating mucosal immunity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G710–G719, 2001.—Human intestinal epithelial cells secrete an array of chemokines known to signal the trafficking of neutrophils and monocytes important in innate mucosal immunity. We hypothesized that intestinal ...
... mechanism for modulating mucosal immunity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G710–G719, 2001.—Human intestinal epithelial cells secrete an array of chemokines known to signal the trafficking of neutrophils and monocytes important in innate mucosal immunity. We hypothesized that intestinal ...
Shen-Diabetes 2014 - Stanford Medicine
... and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), appears to play a central role (3). Multiple studies have shown links between increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-g (IFN-g), and worsened IR (4–6). Conversely, anti-inflammatory cyto ...
... and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), appears to play a central role (3). Multiple studies have shown links between increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-g (IFN-g), and worsened IR (4–6). Conversely, anti-inflammatory cyto ...
Block 1 * Foundations + Immunology + Infectious Diseases
... Metabolic Pathways for the Conversion of Major Nutrients to Usable Energy .................... 18 The Role of Oxygen in Making Energy Available from Major Nutrients ................................. 19 Feast and Famine – How Nutrients are Stored and Made Available When Required ....... 19 ...
... Metabolic Pathways for the Conversion of Major Nutrients to Usable Energy .................... 18 The Role of Oxygen in Making Energy Available from Major Nutrients ................................. 19 Feast and Famine – How Nutrients are Stored and Made Available When Required ....... 19 ...
Fontana & Vance (2011) Imm Rev
... ! 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S • Immunological Reviews 243/2011 ...
... ! 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S • Immunological Reviews 243/2011 ...
Human Leukocyte Antigen-Class II-Positive
... In the cornea, it is thought that Langerhans cells, which exist in limbal and peripheral cornea, can be potent APCs. It has been shown that rabbit corneal endothelium, expressing class II antigen after treatment with IFN-y, could stimulate fresh allogenic lymphocytes.25 On the other hand, human corn ...
... In the cornea, it is thought that Langerhans cells, which exist in limbal and peripheral cornea, can be potent APCs. It has been shown that rabbit corneal endothelium, expressing class II antigen after treatment with IFN-y, could stimulate fresh allogenic lymphocytes.25 On the other hand, human corn ...
anaesthesia related effects on immune function
... area of tissue injury. They provide a rapid response. Neutrophils kill and remove bacteria, whilst eosinophils control parasitic infections. Mast cells are present in connective tissue and NK cells are involved in the immunity against viral infections and tumour cells. 2 Acquired immunity This is th ...
... area of tissue injury. They provide a rapid response. Neutrophils kill and remove bacteria, whilst eosinophils control parasitic infections. Mast cells are present in connective tissue and NK cells are involved in the immunity against viral infections and tumour cells. 2 Acquired immunity This is th ...
Immune control of mammalian gamma- herpesviruses: lessons from
... generally act by blocking receptor binding (Skehel & Wiley, 2000), a vaccine that reproduces viral receptor binding epitopes generally elicits good protection. We have much less idea how to protect against viruses that persist: because they use immune evasion to extend host colonization and transmis ...
... generally act by blocking receptor binding (Skehel & Wiley, 2000), a vaccine that reproduces viral receptor binding epitopes generally elicits good protection. We have much less idea how to protect against viruses that persist: because they use immune evasion to extend host colonization and transmis ...
Are Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
... adipose tissue (VAT), obesity-associated adipose inflammation has only recently been tagged as having an adaptive immune component (9,10). A recent series of studies showed that, similar to macrophages, T and B cells are found to infiltrate the VAT in obese humans and mouse models, with their numbers ...
... adipose tissue (VAT), obesity-associated adipose inflammation has only recently been tagged as having an adaptive immune component (9,10). A recent series of studies showed that, similar to macrophages, T and B cells are found to infiltrate the VAT in obese humans and mouse models, with their numbers ...
Reciprocity between Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells: Relevance to Polarized Immunity in Leprosy
... fully explain the polarized state of immunity. Other subsets of T cells have been identified which play important role in determining host immunity [7,8]. Lately, FoxP3 positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been characterized as one of the most potent hierarchic cell type suppressing effector T c ...
... fully explain the polarized state of immunity. Other subsets of T cells have been identified which play important role in determining host immunity [7,8]. Lately, FoxP3 positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been characterized as one of the most potent hierarchic cell type suppressing effector T c ...
Mathematical Models of Immune Responses Following Vaccination
... As described in 2.1.1, naive CD4 T cells undergo two distinct pathways of differentiation resulting in either T h1 or T h2 cells with characteristic sets of cytokines. T h1 cytokines are often referred to as pro-inflammatory cytokines while T h2 cytokines are counteracting anti-inflammatory cytokine ...
... As described in 2.1.1, naive CD4 T cells undergo two distinct pathways of differentiation resulting in either T h1 or T h2 cells with characteristic sets of cytokines. T h1 cytokines are often referred to as pro-inflammatory cytokines while T h2 cytokines are counteracting anti-inflammatory cytokine ...
Cytokines
... The Complexity of Cytokine-Receptor Signaling and Effects What cytokine is being made? When is it being made? At what concentration? How long will it be around? Is it being modified by other proteins? Activated? Degraded? What other cytokines are being made? Do they affect the first cytokine? Do t ...
... The Complexity of Cytokine-Receptor Signaling and Effects What cytokine is being made? When is it being made? At what concentration? How long will it be around? Is it being modified by other proteins? Activated? Degraded? What other cytokines are being made? Do they affect the first cytokine? Do t ...
Type 1 regulatory T cells: a new mechanism of peripheral
... Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the transcriptional effects of IL-6 and IL-2 are mediated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5, respectively.20 Activated STAT3 and STAT5 can both directly bind to Il10 and c-Maf promoters; thus, combined STAT5 and STA ...
... Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the transcriptional effects of IL-6 and IL-2 are mediated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5, respectively.20 Activated STAT3 and STAT5 can both directly bind to Il10 and c-Maf promoters; thus, combined STAT5 and STA ...
Immunopathogenesis of chronic periapical
... that egress of antigens from the root canal system is quite likely. There have been a number of investigations into the possibility of the root canal being a source or route for antigens responsible for periapical immune reactions and systemic humoral antibodies. In 1957 Kennedy, Hamilton, and Sylve ...
... that egress of antigens from the root canal system is quite likely. There have been a number of investigations into the possibility of the root canal being a source or route for antigens responsible for periapical immune reactions and systemic humoral antibodies. In 1957 Kennedy, Hamilton, and Sylve ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.