View PDF
... Caspase 1 (NALP3/ASC: pyrin domain-containing protein 3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain) and apoptotic mammalian DNA activation of TLR9.3 There are 13 different TLRs identified so far. Each of them recognizes specific PAMPS and activates s ...
... Caspase 1 (NALP3/ASC: pyrin domain-containing protein 3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain) and apoptotic mammalian DNA activation of TLR9.3 There are 13 different TLRs identified so far. Each of them recognizes specific PAMPS and activates s ...
Taking Advantage: High-Affinity B Cells in the Germinal Center Have
... The process by which high-affinity B cells are selected during the immune response has never been elucidated. Although it has been shown that high-affinity cells directly outcompete low-affinity cells in the germinal center (GC), whether there are also intrinsic differences between these cells has n ...
... The process by which high-affinity B cells are selected during the immune response has never been elucidated. Although it has been shown that high-affinity cells directly outcompete low-affinity cells in the germinal center (GC), whether there are also intrinsic differences between these cells has n ...
Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes
... * T-cells cannot recognize antigens in native form * T-cell recognition of antigens * Processing * Presentation ...
... * T-cells cannot recognize antigens in native form * T-cell recognition of antigens * Processing * Presentation ...
Transgenic Model Injection of Dendritic Cells in a TCR Division, and
... cells, leading to mutual activation, determines the quality of the subsequent immune response. Exogenous factors thought to influence the outcome of T cell priming, such as the timing, route, and dose of Ag administration, and the type of adjuvant, may act at the level of the DC-T cell interaction ( ...
... cells, leading to mutual activation, determines the quality of the subsequent immune response. Exogenous factors thought to influence the outcome of T cell priming, such as the timing, route, and dose of Ag administration, and the type of adjuvant, may act at the level of the DC-T cell interaction ( ...
Review of Literature
... located in a 31 kb region of the invasion plasmid which is known as the pathogenicity island (PAI) (Sansonetti et al., 2001). Figure 2.3 shows the map of the virulence plasmid of S. flexneri 5a. 31 kb PAI region of the invasion plasmid includes the ipa (invasion plasmid antigen), mxi (membrane expre ...
... located in a 31 kb region of the invasion plasmid which is known as the pathogenicity island (PAI) (Sansonetti et al., 2001). Figure 2.3 shows the map of the virulence plasmid of S. flexneri 5a. 31 kb PAI region of the invasion plasmid includes the ipa (invasion plasmid antigen), mxi (membrane expre ...
Inflammation plays a key role at all stages of the
... role of Th1 immunity in atherosclerosis were based on induction of disease by hypercholesterolemia suggests that the relevant autoantigen is a lipoprotein or possibly a protein modified by lipids. Most attention has focused on the role of oxidized LDL in these processes. Antibodies against oxidized ...
... role of Th1 immunity in atherosclerosis were based on induction of disease by hypercholesterolemia suggests that the relevant autoantigen is a lipoprotein or possibly a protein modified by lipids. Most attention has focused on the role of oxidized LDL in these processes. Antibodies against oxidized ...
A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity
... Phagocytosis can be induced via the engagement of Fcγ receptors by antibody-opsonized material. Furthermore, the efficiency of antibody-induced effector functions has been shown to be dramatically modulated by changes in antibody glycosylation. Because infection can modulate antibody glycans, which ...
... Phagocytosis can be induced via the engagement of Fcγ receptors by antibody-opsonized material. Furthermore, the efficiency of antibody-induced effector functions has been shown to be dramatically modulated by changes in antibody glycosylation. Because infection can modulate antibody glycans, which ...
Complement-mediated “bystander” damage initiates host NLRP3
... IL-1β. Caspase-1 activation was directly measured by FLICA staining of macrophages. Macrophages responding to complement activation by zymosan (Figure 2D, supplemental Figure 2A) inulin (Figure 2D, Supplemental Figure 2B) or L. major (Figure 2D) exhibited caspase-1 cleavage. Incubation of these part ...
... IL-1β. Caspase-1 activation was directly measured by FLICA staining of macrophages. Macrophages responding to complement activation by zymosan (Figure 2D, supplemental Figure 2A) inulin (Figure 2D, Supplemental Figure 2B) or L. major (Figure 2D) exhibited caspase-1 cleavage. Incubation of these part ...
PDF - The Journal of Immunology
... system. For example, the MHC class I-like molecule MIC is induced on the surface of heat-shocked or otherwise stressed cells, and has been shown to bind to an activating receptor called NKG2D, which is expressed by ␥␦ T cells, CD8⫹ T cells, and NK cells (37). Heat shock proteins themselves appear to ...
... system. For example, the MHC class I-like molecule MIC is induced on the surface of heat-shocked or otherwise stressed cells, and has been shown to bind to an activating receptor called NKG2D, which is expressed by ␥␦ T cells, CD8⫹ T cells, and NK cells (37). Heat shock proteins themselves appear to ...
Natural Killer cells in viral infections
... utilize MHC-I mimicry/up-regulation/redistribution, down-regulation of NK activating ligands or interference with interferon signaling as NK cell inhibiting strategies. Viruses form a continuous threat to humans, due to their ability to mutate frequently. Studying the escape mechanisms of viruses ma ...
... utilize MHC-I mimicry/up-regulation/redistribution, down-regulation of NK activating ligands or interference with interferon signaling as NK cell inhibiting strategies. Viruses form a continuous threat to humans, due to their ability to mutate frequently. Studying the escape mechanisms of viruses ma ...
IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO
... of a subpopulation of B cells having PBA receptors for the PBA property of the antigen or absence of such receptors on B cells. (b) Lack of expression of Ig receptors responsible for antigen focussing, either because of lack of the proper V genes or lack of V gene expression. We have previously desc ...
... of a subpopulation of B cells having PBA receptors for the PBA property of the antigen or absence of such receptors on B cells. (b) Lack of expression of Ig receptors responsible for antigen focussing, either because of lack of the proper V genes or lack of V gene expression. We have previously desc ...
Infection Salmonella PIR-B-Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to
... Paired Ig-like receptors of activating (PIR-A) and inhibitory (PIR-B) isoforms are expressed by many hematopoietic cells, including B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. To determine the functional roles of PIR-A and PIR-B in primary bacterial infection, PIR-B-deficient (PIR-Bⴚ/ⴚ) and wild-type (WT) cont ...
... Paired Ig-like receptors of activating (PIR-A) and inhibitory (PIR-B) isoforms are expressed by many hematopoietic cells, including B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. To determine the functional roles of PIR-A and PIR-B in primary bacterial infection, PIR-B-deficient (PIR-Bⴚ/ⴚ) and wild-type (WT) cont ...
Crosstalk between Red Blood Cells and the Immune System and Its
... Our research group found alterations in the redox and aging markers of RBCs from patients with carotid atherosclerosis [16, 17]. Patient RBCs exhibited a senescent phenotype and presented an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and a decrease of intracellular reduced thiols ...
... Our research group found alterations in the redox and aging markers of RBCs from patients with carotid atherosclerosis [16, 17]. Patient RBCs exhibited a senescent phenotype and presented an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and a decrease of intracellular reduced thiols ...
Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
... – Group of proteins normally present in blood in inactive state – Complement cascade • Important mechanism of action for antibodies – Complement-binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen – Complement triggers a series (cascade) of reactions that produce tiny protein rings that ...
... – Group of proteins normally present in blood in inactive state – Complement cascade • Important mechanism of action for antibodies – Complement-binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen – Complement triggers a series (cascade) of reactions that produce tiny protein rings that ...
Deep Insight Section Macrophages in human cancer: Current and future aspects
... chemotaxis of monocytes into the tumor environment (Lewis and Pollard, 2006). In an elegant study in three different murine tumor models (the BALB/c 4T1 mammary tumor model, the BALB/c mammary adenocarcinoma TS/A model and the C57BL/6 3LL lung carcinoma model) the inflammatory Ly6Chi monocyte subset ...
... chemotaxis of monocytes into the tumor environment (Lewis and Pollard, 2006). In an elegant study in three different murine tumor models (the BALB/c 4T1 mammary tumor model, the BALB/c mammary adenocarcinoma TS/A model and the C57BL/6 3LL lung carcinoma model) the inflammatory Ly6Chi monocyte subset ...
Streptococcus pneumoniae Responses Without Altered
... cell numbers in the spleen and thymus with a more modest reduction in the bone marrow (28, 29). Compared with other cell types, B lymphocytes were found to be preferentially depleted in the spleen and bone marrow, and CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) T cell precursors were preferentially diminished in t ...
... cell numbers in the spleen and thymus with a more modest reduction in the bone marrow (28, 29). Compared with other cell types, B lymphocytes were found to be preferentially depleted in the spleen and bone marrow, and CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) T cell precursors were preferentially diminished in t ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... the case of B lymphocytes, somatic hypermutation. The initiation of the adaptive response requires the cooperation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) scanning the periphery for pathogens, phagocytosing and processing proteins before migrating to the lymph nodes or spleen where interaction with adapti ...
... the case of B lymphocytes, somatic hypermutation. The initiation of the adaptive response requires the cooperation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) scanning the periphery for pathogens, phagocytosing and processing proteins before migrating to the lymph nodes or spleen where interaction with adapti ...
Understanding the Failure of CD8 T-Cell Vaccination against Simian
... that (i) the down slope itself is hardly affected by the presence of specific CD8⫹ T cells in vaccinated animals (1, 21, 22) and (ii) HIV-positive patients with markedly different immune responses show little variation in the death rates of productively infected cells during chronic HIV infection (1 ...
... that (i) the down slope itself is hardly affected by the presence of specific CD8⫹ T cells in vaccinated animals (1, 21, 22) and (ii) HIV-positive patients with markedly different immune responses show little variation in the death rates of productively infected cells during chronic HIV infection (1 ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.