Inflammation in the Lung
... compromises lung function A leading cause of death in elderly, very young, chronically ill, and third world Caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites ◦ Bacteria associated with most severe cases ◦ Flu can cause pneumonia ...
... compromises lung function A leading cause of death in elderly, very young, chronically ill, and third world Caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites ◦ Bacteria associated with most severe cases ◦ Flu can cause pneumonia ...
Two branches of immune system
... –Act the same way in all individuals –Requires no previous exposure to pathogen –Seen in many types of animals –Available early in infection –Necessary for induction of adaptive immunity ...
... –Act the same way in all individuals –Requires no previous exposure to pathogen –Seen in many types of animals –Available early in infection –Necessary for induction of adaptive immunity ...
Circulation and gas exchange
... The phagocytic cells called neutrophils comprise about 60% to 70% of all WBCs. Attracted by chemical signals, neutrophils can leave the blood and enter infected tissue by amoeboid movement, destroying microbes there. The migration toward the source of a chemical attractant is called chemotaxis. Also ...
... The phagocytic cells called neutrophils comprise about 60% to 70% of all WBCs. Attracted by chemical signals, neutrophils can leave the blood and enter infected tissue by amoeboid movement, destroying microbes there. The migration toward the source of a chemical attractant is called chemotaxis. Also ...
B cells. - School
... Others prevent enzymes essential for the production of new virus particles from working. ...
... Others prevent enzymes essential for the production of new virus particles from working. ...
Immune System
... 2. Mouth & Respiratory Passages - Millions of microorganisms enter each day; Passages leading to lungs are coated with mucus; Mucus traps airborne pathogens & swept into the digestive system to be destroyed 3. Inflammation - Occurs when pathogens do enter the body (usually through skin); Blood vesse ...
... 2. Mouth & Respiratory Passages - Millions of microorganisms enter each day; Passages leading to lungs are coated with mucus; Mucus traps airborne pathogens & swept into the digestive system to be destroyed 3. Inflammation - Occurs when pathogens do enter the body (usually through skin); Blood vesse ...
PATH_417_Case_2_Summary_SunnyChen
... • once activated, CD8+ will leave the lymph node and home towards the site of infection and conduct its cytotoxic activity towards infected cells via release the cytotoxins perforin, granzymes, and granulysin • Through the action of perforin, granzymes enter the cytoplasm of the target cell and thei ...
... • once activated, CD8+ will leave the lymph node and home towards the site of infection and conduct its cytotoxic activity towards infected cells via release the cytotoxins perforin, granzymes, and granulysin • Through the action of perforin, granzymes enter the cytoplasm of the target cell and thei ...
Chapter 16
... Cells – The basic unit of structure of all living things Most cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles & a nucleus. Tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a similar function Organ – Different tissues that all work together performing a specific job Examples: Heart, liver, brai ...
... Cells – The basic unit of structure of all living things Most cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles & a nucleus. Tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a similar function Organ – Different tissues that all work together performing a specific job Examples: Heart, liver, brai ...
Chapter 16 Healthy Body Systems
... Cells – The basic unit of structure of all living things Most cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles & a nucleus. Tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a similar function Organ – Different tissues that all work together performing a specific job Examples: Heart, liver, brai ...
... Cells – The basic unit of structure of all living things Most cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles & a nucleus. Tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a similar function Organ – Different tissues that all work together performing a specific job Examples: Heart, liver, brai ...
Dissertation title: Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase: Molecular
... Bordetella pertussis. CyaA belongs to the family of RTX (Repeat-in-ToXin) proteins secreted by Gram-negative bacteria and primarily targets myeloid phagocytes, expressing the CD11b/CD18 integrin receptor (also known as αMβ2, CR3 or Mac-1). Upon binding, CyaA permeabilizes cell membranes by forming s ...
... Bordetella pertussis. CyaA belongs to the family of RTX (Repeat-in-ToXin) proteins secreted by Gram-negative bacteria and primarily targets myeloid phagocytes, expressing the CD11b/CD18 integrin receptor (also known as αMβ2, CR3 or Mac-1). Upon binding, CyaA permeabilizes cell membranes by forming s ...
Introduction to the immune system
... • Emerge from bone marrow while still immature and circulate for day or two before settling down in various tissues in body! • Mature and enlarge in resident tissue and become known as macrophages (“large eaters”)! – Life span can range from several months to years! • Become professional phagocy ...
... • Emerge from bone marrow while still immature and circulate for day or two before settling down in various tissues in body! • Mature and enlarge in resident tissue and become known as macrophages (“large eaters”)! – Life span can range from several months to years! • Become professional phagocy ...
The Immune System
... Cilia in nose and throat push pathogens away from lungs Digestive enzymes break down pathogens ...
... Cilia in nose and throat push pathogens away from lungs Digestive enzymes break down pathogens ...
Bio 347 Ch 12 Cytokines
... Bio 347 Ch 12 Cytokines I. Cytokines and Receptors: 1. cyokines are small (8-80 kDa) protein signaling molecules (over 200 different human cytokines-gene families) 2. cytokines are transient and act over short distances , autocrine (cells that produce them) and paracrine (acting on cells close by) r ...
... Bio 347 Ch 12 Cytokines I. Cytokines and Receptors: 1. cyokines are small (8-80 kDa) protein signaling molecules (over 200 different human cytokines-gene families) 2. cytokines are transient and act over short distances , autocrine (cells that produce them) and paracrine (acting on cells close by) r ...
Topic 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
... days after birth- it lines the gut and protects against bacteria and viruses. ...
... days after birth- it lines the gut and protects against bacteria and viruses. ...
Blood Whole blood has two components
... more than 99% of the formed elements are red-colored red blood cells. Pale colorless white blood cells and platelets occupy less than 1% of total blood volume. ...
... more than 99% of the formed elements are red-colored red blood cells. Pale colorless white blood cells and platelets occupy less than 1% of total blood volume. ...
Document
... 6. Fc receptors come in two basic types: activating (ITAM-associated) and inhibitory (ITIM-associated). 7. The relative expression of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors determines the outcome of a given engagement of Fc receptors. 8. Fc receptor-driven pathology includes formation and deposition ...
... 6. Fc receptors come in two basic types: activating (ITAM-associated) and inhibitory (ITIM-associated). 7. The relative expression of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors determines the outcome of a given engagement of Fc receptors. 8. Fc receptor-driven pathology includes formation and deposition ...
Immunity Talk selected slides
... Over reaction to substance that is inherently harmless Ranges from trivial (eg mild hayfever) to life-threatening (eg shellfish; nuts) ...
... Over reaction to substance that is inherently harmless Ranges from trivial (eg mild hayfever) to life-threatening (eg shellfish; nuts) ...
inflammation response
... dead cells and other debris, move with the tissue fluid into the lymph vessels. When they get to a lymph node, the waste particles are filtered off and any foreign particles are destroyed by macrophages. Swollen lymph nodes (glands) are a good indicator of infection. The lymph nodes also play an imp ...
... dead cells and other debris, move with the tissue fluid into the lymph vessels. When they get to a lymph node, the waste particles are filtered off and any foreign particles are destroyed by macrophages. Swollen lymph nodes (glands) are a good indicator of infection. The lymph nodes also play an imp ...
8.1.1 Second Line of Defence
... dead cells and other debris, move with the tissue fluid into the lymph vessels. When they get to a lymph node, the waste particles are filtered off and any foreign particles are destroyed by macrophages. Swollen lymph nodes (glands) are a good indicator of infection. The lymph nodes also play an imp ...
... dead cells and other debris, move with the tissue fluid into the lymph vessels. When they get to a lymph node, the waste particles are filtered off and any foreign particles are destroyed by macrophages. Swollen lymph nodes (glands) are a good indicator of infection. The lymph nodes also play an imp ...
Inflammation/Fever
... more viscous. See change in blood flow patterns which allows white cells to move to the edges of the blood stream – margination. ...
... more viscous. See change in blood flow patterns which allows white cells to move to the edges of the blood stream – margination. ...
Introduction to immunology
... Immunologic concept of self • Recognizing self –whether an encountered molecule is a part of the body • Recognizing of absence of self – loss of some surface molecules such as transplantation antigens in cancer • Recognizing nonself - such as pathogens or foreign grafts • Recognition possible by: - ...
... Immunologic concept of self • Recognizing self –whether an encountered molecule is a part of the body • Recognizing of absence of self – loss of some surface molecules such as transplantation antigens in cancer • Recognizing nonself - such as pathogens or foreign grafts • Recognition possible by: - ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.