Parasite resistance and the adaptive significance of sleep The
... A wide range of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this seemingly vulnerable and unproductive state has evolved, including suggestions that sleep conserves energy when alternative activities would bring little advantage [7], is required for the consolidation of memories and learning [8], o ...
... A wide range of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this seemingly vulnerable and unproductive state has evolved, including suggestions that sleep conserves energy when alternative activities would bring little advantage [7], is required for the consolidation of memories and learning [8], o ...
Impact of treatment with methimazole on the Bcl
... compared to the same group of children with methimazoleinduced euthyroidism. The presented study revealed that the normalization of thyroid hormones increases lymphocyte apoptosis. Higher apoptosis of suppressor CD8+ cells can be involved in the development of autoimmune process in patients with hyp ...
... compared to the same group of children with methimazoleinduced euthyroidism. The presented study revealed that the normalization of thyroid hormones increases lymphocyte apoptosis. Higher apoptosis of suppressor CD8+ cells can be involved in the development of autoimmune process in patients with hyp ...
Parasite Resistance and the Adaptive Significance of Sleep
... A wide range of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this seemingly vulnerable and unproductive state has evolved, including suggestions that sleep conserves energy when alternative activities would bring little advantage [7], is required for the consolidation of memories and learning [8], o ...
... A wide range of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this seemingly vulnerable and unproductive state has evolved, including suggestions that sleep conserves energy when alternative activities would bring little advantage [7], is required for the consolidation of memories and learning [8], o ...
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR){alpha
... testosterone levels compared with age-matched controls (23, 24), and androgen treatment relieves clinical symptoms in hypogonadal patients with rheumatoid arthritis (25). Recent studies suggest that androgens act directly on CD4+ cells to increase Th2 cytokine production (22, 26). However, the genes ...
... testosterone levels compared with age-matched controls (23, 24), and androgen treatment relieves clinical symptoms in hypogonadal patients with rheumatoid arthritis (25). Recent studies suggest that androgens act directly on CD4+ cells to increase Th2 cytokine production (22, 26). However, the genes ...
Exosomes: Looking back three decades and into the future
... of this is the possibility that exosome-associated RNA may be delivered to recipient cells, influencing their RNA expression, proteome, and functions. These functions could be critical in intercellular communication to regulate immune responses or many other types of pathophysiological responses. M ...
... of this is the possibility that exosome-associated RNA may be delivered to recipient cells, influencing their RNA expression, proteome, and functions. These functions could be critical in intercellular communication to regulate immune responses or many other types of pathophysiological responses. M ...
Expression of Drosophila Adenosine Deaminase in Immune
... Extra-cellular adenosine is an important regulator of inflammatory responses. It is generated from released ATP by a cascade of ectoenzymes and degraded by adenosine deaminase (ADA). There are two types of enzymes with ADA activity: ADA1 and ADGF/ADA2. ADA2 activity originates from macrophages and d ...
... Extra-cellular adenosine is an important regulator of inflammatory responses. It is generated from released ATP by a cascade of ectoenzymes and degraded by adenosine deaminase (ADA). There are two types of enzymes with ADA activity: ADA1 and ADGF/ADA2. ADA2 activity originates from macrophages and d ...
Distinct NKT Cell Subsets Are Induced by Different Chlamydia
... detected in the serum of up to 70% of healthy human beings implying that most individuals have had contact with these organisms (22). More recently, C. pneumoniae has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis (23–25). ...
... detected in the serum of up to 70% of healthy human beings implying that most individuals have had contact with these organisms (22). More recently, C. pneumoniae has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis (23–25). ...
Chronic Otitis Media/Cholesteatoma
... Cholesteatoma is an abnormal accumulation of skin found in the middle ear and/or the mastoid. The periphery of cholesteatoma incites an inflammatory reaction of the adjacent bone of the mastoid and middle ear cleft. This inflammatory enzymatic reaction can lead to soft tissue bone destruction. If un ...
... Cholesteatoma is an abnormal accumulation of skin found in the middle ear and/or the mastoid. The periphery of cholesteatoma incites an inflammatory reaction of the adjacent bone of the mastoid and middle ear cleft. This inflammatory enzymatic reaction can lead to soft tissue bone destruction. If un ...
Gram Reaction
... - a substance recognized by T and B cell receptors Immunogen - a substance capable of eliciting immune response Hapten - a substance of low molecular weight, that can bind antibodies but induce response only if covalently attached to large carrier ...
... - a substance recognized by T and B cell receptors Immunogen - a substance capable of eliciting immune response Hapten - a substance of low molecular weight, that can bind antibodies but induce response only if covalently attached to large carrier ...
Distribution and expression profiles of dendritic cell subpopulations
... main source of IL-23, thereby initiating the inflammatory cascade and promoting Th17 development. Interestingly, this study demonstrates that pDCs are found in the vast majority of bladder cancer, whereas they were virtually absent from the controls. pDCs represent the main IFN-α producers among leu ...
... main source of IL-23, thereby initiating the inflammatory cascade and promoting Th17 development. Interestingly, this study demonstrates that pDCs are found in the vast majority of bladder cancer, whereas they were virtually absent from the controls. pDCs represent the main IFN-α producers among leu ...
Regular Spiking and Intrinsic Bursting Pyramidal Cells
... spared row whiskers for the same cells. Responses of spared surround whiskers were ordered from greatest to smallest for each cell (i.e., S1, S2, . S8) before averaging the responses across cells. The only cells showing clear and significant potentiation in response to D-row deprivation were located ...
... spared row whiskers for the same cells. Responses of spared surround whiskers were ordered from greatest to smallest for each cell (i.e., S1, S2, . S8) before averaging the responses across cells. The only cells showing clear and significant potentiation in response to D-row deprivation were located ...
immunosuppressive drugs after solid organ transplantation
... use for acute lymphocytic leukaemia, suppressed the immune system.3,4 Soon, the first clinical trial using a combination of corticosteroids and 6-MP was set up. It delivered one-year rates of allograft survival in the range of 40-50%.5 A few years later, 6-MP was replaced by its prodrug azathioprine ...
... use for acute lymphocytic leukaemia, suppressed the immune system.3,4 Soon, the first clinical trial using a combination of corticosteroids and 6-MP was set up. It delivered one-year rates of allograft survival in the range of 40-50%.5 A few years later, 6-MP was replaced by its prodrug azathioprine ...
Trafficking of B Cell Antigen in Lymph Nodes
... Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2011.29:215-233. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 03/24/11. For personal use only. ...
... Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2011.29:215-233. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 03/24/11. For personal use only. ...
An intestinal commensal symbiosis factor controls
... The mammalian immune system constitutively senses vast quantities of commensal bacteria and their products through pattern recognition receptors, yet excessive immune reactivity is prevented under homeostasis. Intestinal microbiome can influence host susceptibility to extra-intestine autoimmune diso ...
... The mammalian immune system constitutively senses vast quantities of commensal bacteria and their products through pattern recognition receptors, yet excessive immune reactivity is prevented under homeostasis. Intestinal microbiome can influence host susceptibility to extra-intestine autoimmune diso ...
File
... b. potassium channels in the neuron will remain closed c. action potentials will continue to occur in the adjacent neuron d. neurotransmitters will break down before reaching the receptor site ____ 18. Which of the following outcomes will likely occur if acetylcholinesterase is not present in a syn ...
... b. potassium channels in the neuron will remain closed c. action potentials will continue to occur in the adjacent neuron d. neurotransmitters will break down before reaching the receptor site ____ 18. Which of the following outcomes will likely occur if acetylcholinesterase is not present in a syn ...
Immunocompatibility of Bacteriophages as Nanomedicines
... Bacteriophage-based medical research provides the opportunity to develop targeted nanomedicines with heightened efficiency and safety profiles. Filamentous phages also can and have been formulated as targeted drug-delivery nanomedicines, and phage may also serve as promising alternatives/complements t ...
... Bacteriophage-based medical research provides the opportunity to develop targeted nanomedicines with heightened efficiency and safety profiles. Filamentous phages also can and have been formulated as targeted drug-delivery nanomedicines, and phage may also serve as promising alternatives/complements t ...
Human T cell leukemia virus type I-induced disease: pathways
... have yet been identified. Following entry, reverse transcriptase (RT) present within the capsid initiates synthesis of viral DNA utilizing genomic RNA as a template (Gallo et al., 1981). The proviral DNA is then transported to the nucleus where it integrates into the host cell genome with the assist ...
... have yet been identified. Following entry, reverse transcriptase (RT) present within the capsid initiates synthesis of viral DNA utilizing genomic RNA as a template (Gallo et al., 1981). The proviral DNA is then transported to the nucleus where it integrates into the host cell genome with the assist ...
Citation: Saxton, John, Daley, Amanda, Woodroofe, Nicola
... including depression and anxiety [7], which persists for prolonged periods of time, irrespective of the treatment outcome [8-12]. Studies have shown that psychosocial stressors such as depression, anxiety and emotional distress are associated with impaired immune function [17], and this could have a ...
... including depression and anxiety [7], which persists for prolonged periods of time, irrespective of the treatment outcome [8-12]. Studies have shown that psychosocial stressors such as depression, anxiety and emotional distress are associated with impaired immune function [17], and this could have a ...
Drosophila as a model for the two myeloid blood cell systems in
... Figure 1. Ontogeny of blood cell lineages and regulation of hematopoiesis in Drosophila. (A) Self-renewing tissue hemocytes, which emerge and expand during Drosophila embryonic and larval hematopoiesis. Drosophila tissue hemocytes originate as prohemocyte progenitors (blue) in the head mesoderm at a ...
... Figure 1. Ontogeny of blood cell lineages and regulation of hematopoiesis in Drosophila. (A) Self-renewing tissue hemocytes, which emerge and expand during Drosophila embryonic and larval hematopoiesis. Drosophila tissue hemocytes originate as prohemocyte progenitors (blue) in the head mesoderm at a ...
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... viral growth. Previous modelling studies of virus–innate immune response interactions have focused on infection with a single virus and, while improving our understanding of viral and immune dynamics, have been unable to effectively evaluate the relative feasibility of different hypothesised mechani ...
... viral growth. Previous modelling studies of virus–innate immune response interactions have focused on infection with a single virus and, while improving our understanding of viral and immune dynamics, have been unable to effectively evaluate the relative feasibility of different hypothesised mechani ...
The immune response during hepatitis B virus infection
... profile of cytokine production are detectable in the blood of subjects with a favourable outcome. These helper and cytotoxic responses are quantitatively stronger than those found in patients with chronic infections, who are instead characterized by weaker or undetectable virus-specific T-cell respo ...
... profile of cytokine production are detectable in the blood of subjects with a favourable outcome. These helper and cytotoxic responses are quantitatively stronger than those found in patients with chronic infections, who are instead characterized by weaker or undetectable virus-specific T-cell respo ...
Type 2 Immunity Reflects Orchestrated Recruitment of Cells
... ionomycin, however, essentially all of the eGFP⫹ CD4 T cells secreted IL-4 protein in direct proportion to their fluorescence intensity (Figure 1D). The majority of eGFP⫹ eosinophils and basophils also secreted IL-4 protein after stimulation. Notably, very few eGFP⫺ CD4 T cells (or other eGFP⫺ cells ...
... ionomycin, however, essentially all of the eGFP⫹ CD4 T cells secreted IL-4 protein in direct proportion to their fluorescence intensity (Figure 1D). The majority of eGFP⫹ eosinophils and basophils also secreted IL-4 protein after stimulation. Notably, very few eGFP⫺ CD4 T cells (or other eGFP⫺ cells ...
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. PNI takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics, pharmacology, molecular biology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology.The main interests of PNI are the interactions between the nervous and immune systems and the relationships between mental processes and health. PNI studies, among other things, the physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in health and disease; disorders of the neuroimmune system (autoimmune diseases; hypersensitivities; immune deficiency); and the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the neuroimmune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.