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... protein 4 (NLRC4; also known as IPAF), or AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2)] and an inactive procaspase [1]. Some PRR (e.g., NLRP3 and AIM2) require the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) in order to form inflammasomes [2]. Upon PRR stimulation by “danger signa ...
... protein 4 (NLRC4; also known as IPAF), or AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2)] and an inactive procaspase [1]. Some PRR (e.g., NLRP3 and AIM2) require the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) in order to form inflammasomes [2]. Upon PRR stimulation by “danger signa ...
Strategies of professional phagocytes in vivo
... macrophages and neutrophils. The differential features of these two cell types and the molecular mechanisms underlying microbe phagocytosis and killing have been extensively studied. However, these studies have been mostly conducted in cell culture, using macrophage or neutrophil cell lines, human b ...
... macrophages and neutrophils. The differential features of these two cell types and the molecular mechanisms underlying microbe phagocytosis and killing have been extensively studied. However, these studies have been mostly conducted in cell culture, using macrophage or neutrophil cell lines, human b ...
GWU Biology Department - The George Washington University
... The immune response of the model insect Drosophila melanogaster consist of a complex multi-layer structure of defensive mechanisms. The Drosophila immune response is highly specific, making immune reactions as diverse as the microbes infecting it; such as bacteria and parasitic nematodes (1). Xenorh ...
... The immune response of the model insect Drosophila melanogaster consist of a complex multi-layer structure of defensive mechanisms. The Drosophila immune response is highly specific, making immune reactions as diverse as the microbes infecting it; such as bacteria and parasitic nematodes (1). Xenorh ...
The Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
... The pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation is not well understood. AAAs are characterized by destruction of elastin and collagen in the media and adventitia, loss of medial smooth muscle cells with thinning of the vessel wall, and transmural infiltration of lymphocytes and macroph ...
... The pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation is not well understood. AAAs are characterized by destruction of elastin and collagen in the media and adventitia, loss of medial smooth muscle cells with thinning of the vessel wall, and transmural infiltration of lymphocytes and macroph ...
Endogenous collagen peptide activation of CD1d
... specific to the CNS self-antigenic peptide myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 79–96 (MOG79–96) was included for comparison. The mCII707–721–specific NKT cell line showed higher expression of Vα14-Jα18 than the conventional T cell line by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) (Figure 3D). Using a panel ...
... specific to the CNS self-antigenic peptide myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 79–96 (MOG79–96) was included for comparison. The mCII707–721–specific NKT cell line showed higher expression of Vα14-Jα18 than the conventional T cell line by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) (Figure 3D). Using a panel ...
The surface–mosaic model in host– parasite relationships
... interaction between a surface and a particular tissue compartment (intracellular, extracellular or mucosal). The code The competitive nature of protein adsorption to a surface provides a scenario in which non-defense proteins generate a silence code on the surface, isolating it from the defense syst ...
... interaction between a surface and a particular tissue compartment (intracellular, extracellular or mucosal). The code The competitive nature of protein adsorption to a surface provides a scenario in which non-defense proteins generate a silence code on the surface, isolating it from the defense syst ...
Primary Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity: Lessons From Human
... safely assumed that this is primarily because of a breakdown in central (APECED) and peripheral (APECED and IPEX) tolerance. The strong association with organspecific autoimmunity implies an absolute requirement for T-regulatory cells and a less absolute requirement for AIRE in tolerance to tissue-s ...
... safely assumed that this is primarily because of a breakdown in central (APECED) and peripheral (APECED and IPEX) tolerance. The strong association with organspecific autoimmunity implies an absolute requirement for T-regulatory cells and a less absolute requirement for AIRE in tolerance to tissue-s ...
A novel immunodeficiency disorder characterized by
... Figure 1 Increased DNA copy number of IL25 results in overexpression following T-cell activation. (a) Genome-wide DNA copy number analysis was performed using Sty 250 K SNP arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), on peripheral blood DNA from the case and three control subjects. Copy number was ca ...
... Figure 1 Increased DNA copy number of IL25 results in overexpression following T-cell activation. (a) Genome-wide DNA copy number analysis was performed using Sty 250 K SNP arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), on peripheral blood DNA from the case and three control subjects. Copy number was ca ...
B Cell Receptor Signaling in Human B Cells
... human B cells are not known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the function and regulation of antigen-specific BCR signaling in human B cells. The role of BCR signaling and a separate second signal was analyzed in an experimental model mimicking TI B cell responses caused by polysaccharide-en ...
... human B cells are not known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the function and regulation of antigen-specific BCR signaling in human B cells. The role of BCR signaling and a separate second signal was analyzed in an experimental model mimicking TI B cell responses caused by polysaccharide-en ...
ABSTRACT
... the structure to evade innate immunity [4]. There are several types of PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nods/NALPs, mannose receptors, and scavenger receptors [5]. These receptors have different functions. Mannose receptors and scavenger receptors improve phagocytosis, allowing microbes t ...
... the structure to evade innate immunity [4]. There are several types of PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nods/NALPs, mannose receptors, and scavenger receptors [5]. These receptors have different functions. Mannose receptors and scavenger receptors improve phagocytosis, allowing microbes t ...
Chapter 3. Antigens
... - Internal linear peptides (hydrophobic) produced by processing and bound to MHC molecules - Does not bind to soluble antigen, APC processing - Recognize mostly proteins but some lipids and glycolipids can be presented on MHC-like molecules ...
... - Internal linear peptides (hydrophobic) produced by processing and bound to MHC molecules - Does not bind to soluble antigen, APC processing - Recognize mostly proteins but some lipids and glycolipids can be presented on MHC-like molecules ...
Antigen-Antibody Interaction
... The immunoglobulin bound to the surface of Blymphocytes is a central feature of the clonal selection theory. That is the selection of cell lines that ultimately: (1) provide the defensive capability in secretion of soluble antibody of the same specificity as the cells receptor, and (2) remembering a ...
... The immunoglobulin bound to the surface of Blymphocytes is a central feature of the clonal selection theory. That is the selection of cell lines that ultimately: (1) provide the defensive capability in secretion of soluble antibody of the same specificity as the cells receptor, and (2) remembering a ...
Activation of the Inflammatory Response by Fungal
... and adaptive immunity. Their purpose is to protect the body from disease-causing microorganisms, physical stress or tissue damage. The innate immune system is the first to be activated; it facilitates the direct elimination of pathogens as well as initiating the inflammatory response. It also provid ...
... and adaptive immunity. Their purpose is to protect the body from disease-causing microorganisms, physical stress or tissue damage. The innate immune system is the first to be activated; it facilitates the direct elimination of pathogens as well as initiating the inflammatory response. It also provid ...
T Lymphocyte Responses + Despite Augmenting Antigen
... Previously, studies using Flt3-L to expand and mobilize DCs in vivo used either naive mice or mice challenged with tumor cells (23, 32). To verify that Flt3-L treatment expands DC numbers in the context of a Listeria infection, we infected mice and treated a cohort with Flt3-L on days ⫺4 to ⫹4 of in ...
... Previously, studies using Flt3-L to expand and mobilize DCs in vivo used either naive mice or mice challenged with tumor cells (23, 32). To verify that Flt3-L treatment expands DC numbers in the context of a Listeria infection, we infected mice and treated a cohort with Flt3-L on days ⫺4 to ⫹4 of in ...
Characterization of novel natural killer (NK)–cell and γδT
... The establishment of tumor cell lines seems to be valuable for the study of the nasal T/NK-cell lymphoma because the tendency of the disease to cause necrosis has hampered detailed analyses of the tumor. Recently, a novel NK-cell line NK-YS was established from the peripheral blood of a patient with ...
... The establishment of tumor cell lines seems to be valuable for the study of the nasal T/NK-cell lymphoma because the tendency of the disease to cause necrosis has hampered detailed analyses of the tumor. Recently, a novel NK-cell line NK-YS was established from the peripheral blood of a patient with ...
Granzyme A activates another way to die
... specific receptors, such as the cation-independent M6P receptor (93). However, specific receptors are not required for binding and cytotoxicity (90, 94, 95). The lack of a requirement for a receptor eliminates one potential mechanism for escaping immune surveillance. During CTL activation, the conce ...
... specific receptors, such as the cation-independent M6P receptor (93). However, specific receptors are not required for binding and cytotoxicity (90, 94, 95). The lack of a requirement for a receptor eliminates one potential mechanism for escaping immune surveillance. During CTL activation, the conce ...
Leukemia - كلية التمريض
... specific area of r body where there is a collection of leukemia cells, or may receive radiation over your whole body. Radiation therapy may be used to prepare for a stem cell transplant. 5. Stem cell transplant. A stem cell transplant is a procedure to replace your diseased bone marrow ...
... specific area of r body where there is a collection of leukemia cells, or may receive radiation over your whole body. Radiation therapy may be used to prepare for a stem cell transplant. 5. Stem cell transplant. A stem cell transplant is a procedure to replace your diseased bone marrow ...
Poster
... The class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) molecule is involved in immune responses to viral and bacterial diseases. When a peptide fragment of a protein is “loaded” into the molecule, the alpha helices of the Class II MHC unwind and the peptide is inserted in the gap. The class II MHC m ...
... The class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) molecule is involved in immune responses to viral and bacterial diseases. When a peptide fragment of a protein is “loaded” into the molecule, the alpha helices of the Class II MHC unwind and the peptide is inserted in the gap. The class II MHC m ...
Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and primitive multicellular organisms.The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.↑ ↑ ↑