Positive and negative regulation of Natural Killer cells: Therapeutic
... into NK cells following stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15 [34,35]. Later studies showed that the stromal cell requirements could be bypassed by the addition of stem cell factor, (SCF, also known as c-kit ligand), fetal liver kinase 2 ligand (FLK2, also known as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand or FLT3 ...
... into NK cells following stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15 [34,35]. Later studies showed that the stromal cell requirements could be bypassed by the addition of stem cell factor, (SCF, also known as c-kit ligand), fetal liver kinase 2 ligand (FLK2, also known as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand or FLT3 ...
Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in kidney transplantation
... gene carrier applications for targeted treatment of diseases or killing of tumor cells [6]. In the situation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, MSCs move towards renal tissues and repair ischemic renal tubular injury. Through paracrine and endocrine secretion of various cytokines, MSCs inhibit ap ...
... gene carrier applications for targeted treatment of diseases or killing of tumor cells [6]. In the situation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, MSCs move towards renal tissues and repair ischemic renal tubular injury. Through paracrine and endocrine secretion of various cytokines, MSCs inhibit ap ...
Bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein D: a review of its structural
... consists of a large double-stranded DNA genome packaged into an icosahedral capsid, which, in turn, is surrounded by a layer of proteins called tegument and an envelope composed of a large number of glycoproteins embedded in a lipid bilayer (reviewed in reference [26]). The entry of alphaherpesvirus ...
... consists of a large double-stranded DNA genome packaged into an icosahedral capsid, which, in turn, is surrounded by a layer of proteins called tegument and an envelope composed of a large number of glycoproteins embedded in a lipid bilayer (reviewed in reference [26]). The entry of alphaherpesvirus ...
Are Targeted by NK Cells Hematopoietic Progenitors Express H60
... their ability to develop into cell types derived from all three embryonal germ layers (1). Furthermore, ES cells possess a high proliferative capacity and can be propagated indefinitely in culture without loss of pluripotency (2). To date, several protocols are available to develop ES cells into neu ...
... their ability to develop into cell types derived from all three embryonal germ layers (1). Furthermore, ES cells possess a high proliferative capacity and can be propagated indefinitely in culture without loss of pluripotency (2). To date, several protocols are available to develop ES cells into neu ...
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis
... enzyme, the cofactor calmodulin is an important checkpoint in this chemistry as it is required for shuttling of electrons toward the heme group.10 In the presence of oxygen a very reactive superoxy ferrous–peroxy ferric complex is formed. The eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), another importan ...
... enzyme, the cofactor calmodulin is an important checkpoint in this chemistry as it is required for shuttling of electrons toward the heme group.10 In the presence of oxygen a very reactive superoxy ferrous–peroxy ferric complex is formed. The eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), another importan ...
2、role of autophagy in plant innate immunity
... also used to combat against bacterial pathogens. Autophagy induced by nutrient starvation or by treatment with rapamycin actively inhibits the survival of the facultative intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis Similarly, autophagic vesicles effectively engulf and destroy invading extracel ...
... also used to combat against bacterial pathogens. Autophagy induced by nutrient starvation or by treatment with rapamycin actively inhibits the survival of the facultative intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis Similarly, autophagic vesicles effectively engulf and destroy invading extracel ...
Additional material file 1: Details of within-host
... The parasites have a 2 day replication cycle: the parasites are assumed to be ring stage for the first 24 hours, followed by 24 hours as non-rings. The infection is assumed to cease when the number of parasites decreases below one. ...
... The parasites have a 2 day replication cycle: the parasites are assumed to be ring stage for the first 24 hours, followed by 24 hours as non-rings. The infection is assumed to cease when the number of parasites decreases below one. ...
The frequency of enteric fever among children in Al
... for normal development and function of neutrophils ...
... for normal development and function of neutrophils ...
The immune response during hepatitis B virus infection
... efficient development of an adaptive immune response. Innate host responses during the early phases of viral infections are mainly characterized by the production of type 1 interferon (IFN)-a/b cytokines and the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Production of type 1 IFNs can be triggered dire ...
... efficient development of an adaptive immune response. Innate host responses during the early phases of viral infections are mainly characterized by the production of type 1 interferon (IFN)-a/b cytokines and the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Production of type 1 IFNs can be triggered dire ...
Evidence for neuroinflammation in Alzheimer`s disease
... role in the neuroinflammation of AD.32,33 Trials on neuroinflammation TNFα inhibitors and anti-TNFα antibodies have been As the evidence and theory have developed behind generally more positive than those looking at NSAIDs. the role of neuroinflammation as a cause for AD, so Work done using mouse mo ...
... role in the neuroinflammation of AD.32,33 Trials on neuroinflammation TNFα inhibitors and anti-TNFα antibodies have been As the evidence and theory have developed behind generally more positive than those looking at NSAIDs. the role of neuroinflammation as a cause for AD, so Work done using mouse mo ...
State-of-the-art review about basophil research in immunology and
... insights are required to elucidate this issue, although data were reported suggesting that dendritic cells may not be essential for the development of Th2 responses and that basophils should play a leading role47. A synoptic model about the possible involvement of basophils and dendritic cells in Th ...
... insights are required to elucidate this issue, although data were reported suggesting that dendritic cells may not be essential for the development of Th2 responses and that basophils should play a leading role47. A synoptic model about the possible involvement of basophils and dendritic cells in Th ...
Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha induce Fas
... Our study shows that HSG cells, human salivary intercalated duct cells transformed by irradiation, express Fas antigen after IFN-γ or TNF-α treatment and undergo apoptotic cell death in response to anti-Fas antibody. These results can hopefully serve as the basis for cellular models for future inves ...
... Our study shows that HSG cells, human salivary intercalated duct cells transformed by irradiation, express Fas antigen after IFN-γ or TNF-α treatment and undergo apoptotic cell death in response to anti-Fas antibody. These results can hopefully serve as the basis for cellular models for future inves ...
Review Article Mesenchymal stem cell and regenerative medicine
... et al. who reported a “licensing” process of MSCs toward either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory phenotypes, depending on the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand used for activation [75]. The concept of MSC “licensing” has been discussed in the excellent review by Krampera [76]. In pursuance of the ...
... et al. who reported a “licensing” process of MSCs toward either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory phenotypes, depending on the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand used for activation [75]. The concept of MSC “licensing” has been discussed in the excellent review by Krampera [76]. In pursuance of the ...
A New Mouse Model That Spontaneously Develops Chronic Liver
... development and control of fibrosis [6–8]. However, the specific role of different T cell subsets remains unclear. Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a population of unconventional T lymphocytes that express the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) together with several NK surface markers and recognize gly ...
... development and control of fibrosis [6–8]. However, the specific role of different T cell subsets remains unclear. Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a population of unconventional T lymphocytes that express the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) together with several NK surface markers and recognize gly ...
Evasion of Host Immune Surveillance by Hepatitis C Virus: Potential
... virions is quite high, perhaps explaining how quasispecies might emerge so rapidly. Interestingly, patients with long-term infections tend to have higher numbers of quasispecies within their genotype isolate15, 20, and the presence of increasing levels of these quasispecies has been associated with ...
... virions is quite high, perhaps explaining how quasispecies might emerge so rapidly. Interestingly, patients with long-term infections tend to have higher numbers of quasispecies within their genotype isolate15, 20, and the presence of increasing levels of these quasispecies has been associated with ...
Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus
... of virus in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and adrenal cells. The virus disseminates to lymph nodes, the liver, and the spleen. There is a significant inflammatory response and significant lymphoid cell apoptosis (most likely due to release of TNF-a), which leads to lymphopenia and seems t ...
... of virus in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and adrenal cells. The virus disseminates to lymph nodes, the liver, and the spleen. There is a significant inflammatory response and significant lymphoid cell apoptosis (most likely due to release of TNF-a), which leads to lymphopenia and seems t ...
Ocular Inflammation Animal Model Workshop
... Experimental melanin-protein-induced uveitis (EMIU), which is also known as experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU), was first described in 1993 by Broekhuyse and colleagues. This experimental uveitis may be induced in certain inbred and outbred rat strains by immunization with bovine ocular ...
... Experimental melanin-protein-induced uveitis (EMIU), which is also known as experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU), was first described in 1993 by Broekhuyse and colleagues. This experimental uveitis may be induced in certain inbred and outbred rat strains by immunization with bovine ocular ...
The Most Cunning Parasite From an Immunological Perspective
... how this could happen by way of a parasite called Dracunculus medinensis, and the process by which it occurs. Parasites have been known and documented for thousands of years. Some historians and scientists believe that the Bible makes mention of it. They have even been found in Egyptian mummies. The ...
... how this could happen by way of a parasite called Dracunculus medinensis, and the process by which it occurs. Parasites have been known and documented for thousands of years. Some historians and scientists believe that the Bible makes mention of it. They have even been found in Egyptian mummies. The ...
Induction of protective immunity to Cryptococcal infection in mice by
... The C. neoformans cell wall differs from those of other pathogenic fungi by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule. In addition, we have previously discovered that, unlike other yeasts, the chitin fiber in the cell wall of C. neoformans predominantly exists in its deacetylated chitosan form under ...
... The C. neoformans cell wall differs from those of other pathogenic fungi by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule. In addition, we have previously discovered that, unlike other yeasts, the chitin fiber in the cell wall of C. neoformans predominantly exists in its deacetylated chitosan form under ...
Autoimmune Destruction of Pancreatic b Cells
... organs, including the pancreatic lymph nodes, may recognize major histocompatibility complex and b cell peptides presented by dendritic cells and macrophages in the islets. These CD4+ T cells can be activated by interleukin (IL)-12 released from macrophages and dendritic cells. While this process ta ...
... organs, including the pancreatic lymph nodes, may recognize major histocompatibility complex and b cell peptides presented by dendritic cells and macrophages in the islets. These CD4+ T cells can be activated by interleukin (IL)-12 released from macrophages and dendritic cells. While this process ta ...
Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and primitive multicellular organisms.The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.↑ ↑ ↑