Supplementary Figure 1
... HSA-binding proteins can interfere with the fluorescence linearity from FITC-HSA. To assess the fluorescence linearity by input FITC-HSA, the band intensities of FITC-HSA were calculated using densitometry software (Phoretix 2D Expression program, Nonlinear Dynamics, Durham, NC). The background was ...
... HSA-binding proteins can interfere with the fluorescence linearity from FITC-HSA. To assess the fluorescence linearity by input FITC-HSA, the band intensities of FITC-HSA were calculated using densitometry software (Phoretix 2D Expression program, Nonlinear Dynamics, Durham, NC). The background was ...
Transient intracellular expression of chicken UCH-L3 and
... if they could be established at greater than 95.0% probability by the Peptide Prophet algorithm with Scaffold delta-mass correction. Protein identifications were accepted if they could be established at greater than 99.0% probability and contained at least 1 identified peptide. Protein probabilities ...
... if they could be established at greater than 95.0% probability by the Peptide Prophet algorithm with Scaffold delta-mass correction. Protein identifications were accepted if they could be established at greater than 99.0% probability and contained at least 1 identified peptide. Protein probabilities ...
A phenylalanine-based folding determinant in intestinal sucrase
... such as protein disulphide isomerase and glycosyl transferases to generate properly folded molecules (Ellgaard and Helenius, 2001). A quality control mechanism retains improperly folded molecules in the ER until they have acquired a proper folding, or directs them to the proteasome for degradation ( ...
... such as protein disulphide isomerase and glycosyl transferases to generate properly folded molecules (Ellgaard and Helenius, 2001). A quality control mechanism retains improperly folded molecules in the ER until they have acquired a proper folding, or directs them to the proteasome for degradation ( ...
The HAT2 Homeodomain-Like Transcription Factor Family
... Transcription Factor? • Type of transcription factor that is only found in plants • Has been studied in sunflowers, where it is expressed primarily in the leaves • When Hahb-4 (sunflower homeobox-leucine zipper protein) was introduced into Arabidopsis, plants were more tolerant to water stress condi ...
... Transcription Factor? • Type of transcription factor that is only found in plants • Has been studied in sunflowers, where it is expressed primarily in the leaves • When Hahb-4 (sunflower homeobox-leucine zipper protein) was introduced into Arabidopsis, plants were more tolerant to water stress condi ...
the role of intermembrane space redox factors in glutathione
... dependent on cysteine-rich proteins, thus maintaining thiol-disulfide balance in this organelle is crucial for cellular functions. An IMS protein import pathway called the Mia40-Erv1 disulfide relay system uses disulfide bond formation for the import and retention of substrate proteins in the IMS. E ...
... dependent on cysteine-rich proteins, thus maintaining thiol-disulfide balance in this organelle is crucial for cellular functions. An IMS protein import pathway called the Mia40-Erv1 disulfide relay system uses disulfide bond formation for the import and retention of substrate proteins in the IMS. E ...
Interaction of the MAGUK family member Acvrinp1 and the
... Interaction of Acvrinp1 and Dll1 prominent nuclear localization.21 In addition, a Delta1-Gal4VP16 fusion protein expressed in HEK293 cells activated transcription of a luciferase reporter gene.22 These data, together with our identification of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the intracellula ...
... Interaction of Acvrinp1 and Dll1 prominent nuclear localization.21 In addition, a Delta1-Gal4VP16 fusion protein expressed in HEK293 cells activated transcription of a luciferase reporter gene.22 These data, together with our identification of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the intracellula ...
identification of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of mature plants
... first isolated chloroplasts from leaves of control, droughtstressed, cold-stressed, NaCl-stressed, and ABA-treated P. sativum plants. Immunoblots of the detergent-soluble proteins from these chloroplasts showed the detection of a dehydrin of ca. 31 kD in control leaf tissue (fig. 2A), as did the who ...
... first isolated chloroplasts from leaves of control, droughtstressed, cold-stressed, NaCl-stressed, and ABA-treated P. sativum plants. Immunoblots of the detergent-soluble proteins from these chloroplasts showed the detection of a dehydrin of ca. 31 kD in control leaf tissue (fig. 2A), as did the who ...
Abstract - National Taiwan University
... frequently. Possible mechanisms that could be involved in the development of hormone resistant prostate cancer causes including androgen receptor (AR) mutations, AR amplification/over expression, interaction between AR and other growth factors, and enhanced signaling in a ligand-independent manner ( ...
... frequently. Possible mechanisms that could be involved in the development of hormone resistant prostate cancer causes including androgen receptor (AR) mutations, AR amplification/over expression, interaction between AR and other growth factors, and enhanced signaling in a ligand-independent manner ( ...
Basic Science for Clinicians
... Long after its discovery as a segmental patterning protein in fruit fly, the Hh protein family is continuously found to be involved in new processes, many of which were previously attributed to other proteins or compounds or were simply unexplained. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical stud ...
... Long after its discovery as a segmental patterning protein in fruit fly, the Hh protein family is continuously found to be involved in new processes, many of which were previously attributed to other proteins or compounds or were simply unexplained. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical stud ...
Super bowl Activity How will Hemoglobin Affect the Winner of this
... the mutated hemoglobin are more protected from malaria than those with all normal red blood cells. However, if a person is homozygous for the mutated hemoglobin then they could die from sickle cell anemia. The person with 1 copy of each allele is heterozygous and is protected from both malaria and s ...
... the mutated hemoglobin are more protected from malaria than those with all normal red blood cells. However, if a person is homozygous for the mutated hemoglobin then they could die from sickle cell anemia. The person with 1 copy of each allele is heterozygous and is protected from both malaria and s ...
Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins)
... with a nominal MW of 20kDa, the hydrodynamic properties correspond to a MW of about 250–350kDa (Chapman, 2002; Kubetzko et al., 2005), and thus the effect of tumor targeting over a large size range could be studied. Furthermore, different point mutants binding to the same epitope of HER2 were availa ...
... with a nominal MW of 20kDa, the hydrodynamic properties correspond to a MW of about 250–350kDa (Chapman, 2002; Kubetzko et al., 2005), and thus the effect of tumor targeting over a large size range could be studied. Furthermore, different point mutants binding to the same epitope of HER2 were availa ...
Archives of Microbiology
... chosen because rpoN controls the synthesis of polar and lateral Xagella in Azospirillum (Milcamps et al. 1996). TEM showed that all strains, except the rpoN mutant, had a polar Xagellum in liquid medium (not shown) and both polar Xagellum and lateral Xagella when grown on solid surface (Fig. 2). Pre ...
... chosen because rpoN controls the synthesis of polar and lateral Xagella in Azospirillum (Milcamps et al. 1996). TEM showed that all strains, except the rpoN mutant, had a polar Xagellum in liquid medium (not shown) and both polar Xagellum and lateral Xagella when grown on solid surface (Fig. 2). Pre ...
Gene Section
... fibrosarcoma and Bednar tumours present specific cytogenetic features such as reciprocal translocations t(17;22)(q22;q13.1) ( Fig A) or, more often, supernumerary ring chromosomes derived from t(17;22) (B). As shown by FISH analysis, the ring chromosomes contain chromosome 22 centromere and low-leve ...
... fibrosarcoma and Bednar tumours present specific cytogenetic features such as reciprocal translocations t(17;22)(q22;q13.1) ( Fig A) or, more often, supernumerary ring chromosomes derived from t(17;22) (B). As shown by FISH analysis, the ring chromosomes contain chromosome 22 centromere and low-leve ...
Metabolic Managers
... 5. Increase the rate of reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed 6. Enzymes can be reused for more reactions 7. High temperatures, salinity, or pH can destroy or denature (change its shape) ...
... 5. Increase the rate of reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed 6. Enzymes can be reused for more reactions 7. High temperatures, salinity, or pH can destroy or denature (change its shape) ...
pdf version
... bioluminescence system (R/I system), many QS circuits have been described in different species of Gramnegative bacteria1. Only a few of these systems have been studied at the molecular level. In this review, selected examples will be used to illustrate the complexity that underlies quorum sensing in ...
... bioluminescence system (R/I system), many QS circuits have been described in different species of Gramnegative bacteria1. Only a few of these systems have been studied at the molecular level. In this review, selected examples will be used to illustrate the complexity that underlies quorum sensing in ...
Expression and Purification of Toxoplasma gondii Cell Cycle
... Toxoplasma gondii is an Apicomplexan obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which is able to infect virtually all warm-blooded animals. According to the Centers for Disease Control approximately 60 million people in the U.S. are currently infected with T. gondii. Treatments for toxoplasmosis are ...
... Toxoplasma gondii is an Apicomplexan obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which is able to infect virtually all warm-blooded animals. According to the Centers for Disease Control approximately 60 million people in the U.S. are currently infected with T. gondii. Treatments for toxoplasmosis are ...
Characterization of proteins secreted from a Type III secretion
... and eseD genes in the wild-type strain as described growth of bacteria in the macrophages (Okuda et al. previously (Tan et al. 2005) with a slight modification 2006). However, only scant information is available on using the suicide vector plasmid, pRE112 (Okuda et al. the pathogenicity of E. tarda. ...
... and eseD genes in the wild-type strain as described growth of bacteria in the macrophages (Okuda et al. previously (Tan et al. 2005) with a slight modification 2006). However, only scant information is available on using the suicide vector plasmid, pRE112 (Okuda et al. the pathogenicity of E. tarda. ...
Yeast SEC16 Gene Encodes a Multidomain Vesicle Coat Protein
... second functional domain. A separate function for the COOH-terminal domain of Secl6p is shown by its ability to bind Sec23p. Together, these results suggest that Secl6p engages in multiple protein-protein interactions both on the E R membrane and as part of the coat of a completed vesicle. ...
... second functional domain. A separate function for the COOH-terminal domain of Secl6p is shown by its ability to bind Sec23p. Together, these results suggest that Secl6p engages in multiple protein-protein interactions both on the E R membrane and as part of the coat of a completed vesicle. ...
Chapter 11 - Trimble County Schools
... • found in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells • Small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptors • Examples of hydrophobic messengers are the steroid and thyroid hormones of animals ...
... • found in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells • Small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptors • Examples of hydrophobic messengers are the steroid and thyroid hormones of animals ...
Digestion processes
... proteins within the cells to make intestine chylomicrons, which are extruded by exocytosis. • The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the ...
... proteins within the cells to make intestine chylomicrons, which are extruded by exocytosis. • The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the ...
MADS Monsters: Controlling Floral Organ Identity
... 1894), coined the term “homeosis” to describe variations in form that resulted in the abnormal patterning or positioning of normal body parts or organs—for example, “modification of the antenna of an insect into a foot, of the eye of a Crustacean into an antenna, of a petal into a stamen, and the li ...
... 1894), coined the term “homeosis” to describe variations in form that resulted in the abnormal patterning or positioning of normal body parts or organs—for example, “modification of the antenna of an insect into a foot, of the eye of a Crustacean into an antenna, of a petal into a stamen, and the li ...
Production of final product
... • Drawbacks of Bioassays - Lack of precision : complex nature of any biological system, entire animal or an individual cell, results in the responses that are largely influenced by factors like metabolic status of individual cells, sub-clinical infections, stress levels induced by human handling - ...
... • Drawbacks of Bioassays - Lack of precision : complex nature of any biological system, entire animal or an individual cell, results in the responses that are largely influenced by factors like metabolic status of individual cells, sub-clinical infections, stress levels induced by human handling - ...
Robert Jones
... Autoradiography with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (Bgt) and 3H-methyllycaconitine were used to map the general distribution of alpha7 nAChR within the rat PFC. AlexaFluor 488-conjugated Bgt in conjunction with other neuronal markers provided further analysis of regions of interest at higher magnificatio ...
... Autoradiography with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (Bgt) and 3H-methyllycaconitine were used to map the general distribution of alpha7 nAChR within the rat PFC. AlexaFluor 488-conjugated Bgt in conjunction with other neuronal markers provided further analysis of regions of interest at higher magnificatio ...
The rfb cluster, which encodes functions involved in assembling the
... Shortage of available iron limits growth inside host cells so iron acquisition increases pathogenicity. However, iron toxicity is a concern in other environments. fhuA and fhuE, which are mutated in SPA and Typhi, are involved in the import of conjugated Fe(III) into the cell, often captured from ca ...
... Shortage of available iron limits growth inside host cells so iron acquisition increases pathogenicity. However, iron toxicity is a concern in other environments. fhuA and fhuE, which are mutated in SPA and Typhi, are involved in the import of conjugated Fe(III) into the cell, often captured from ca ...
Chromosome segregation: Samurai separation
... regulate separation of sister chromatids. To test this hypothesis, a version of Scc1 that could not be cleaved was generated and tested in vivo [19]. First, the site of cleavage was identified by sequencing the carboxy-terminal fragment of Scc1. An arginine residue immediately upstream of the first ...
... regulate separation of sister chromatids. To test this hypothesis, a version of Scc1 that could not be cleaved was generated and tested in vivo [19]. First, the site of cleavage was identified by sequencing the carboxy-terminal fragment of Scc1. An arginine residue immediately upstream of the first ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.