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Particles and Waves Summary Notes
Particles and Waves Summary Notes

... a substantial amount of energy is released in a small space. Some of this energy may be converted into mass (E = mc2), producing showers of nuclear particles. By passing these particles through a magnetic field and observing the deflection their mass and charge can be measured. For example, an elect ...
Physics of Electron Storage Rings Electron positron colliders and
Physics of Electron Storage Rings Electron positron colliders and

... multiple-bend achromat lattices is derived. For isomagnetic three- or multiplebend achromat lattices, the minimum emittance can only be attained if the length of the inner dipoles is 31/3 longer than that of outer dipoles. For the three- or multiple-bend achromat with equal length dipoles the minimu ...
physics class xii chapter – 8 electromagnetic waves
physics class xii chapter – 8 electromagnetic waves

Physics of the interstellar medium - Argelander
Physics of the interstellar medium - Argelander

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)

... microwave oven. On the other hand, at low levels of exposure to RF radiation (lower than the threshold which may cause heat), the evidence of harmful biological effects is unproven; however it may cause some non thermal effects [11]. At the extremely high frequencies like X-rays, electromagnetic par ...
Asymptotic Symmetries and Electromagnetic Memory
Asymptotic Symmetries and Electromagnetic Memory

... Recent literature has drawn the links connecting soft factors, symmetries, and memories for two of the three sets above. Of these connections, the oldest and most well known are those that lie between the leading gauge and gravity soft factors and their corresponding global symmetries: charge and f ...
Physics 30 Worksheet #22: Cathode Ray Tubes
Physics 30 Worksheet #22: Cathode Ray Tubes

... A. Mass and energy are equivalent, and energy has been converted into mass in this reaction. B. Mass and energy are equivalent, and mass has been converted into energy in this reaction. C. Mass and energy are equivalent, and the missing mass is due to inaccurate laboratory measuring equipment. D. Ne ...
king saud university - KSU Faculty Member websites
king saud university - KSU Faculty Member websites

... c. Electrical properties of the surfaces. Disadvantages of frictional forces: a. Increased effort needed to operate any mechanical device. b. Produces heat (by exhausting – using up- mechanical energy). c. Wears or damages surfaces rubbing against each other. Advantages of frictional force: * In the ...
Abstract Submittal Form
Abstract Submittal Form

... effect of magnetic field and electromagnetic wave and show its radiation spectrum, without any restrictions on the strength of the magnetic field, the intensity of the electromagnetic wave, or the initial direction of motion of the electron. The parameters can available in high energy density (HED) ...
antenna parameters
antenna parameters

Full Text
Full Text

... electrons and holes are created in the device as a result of ionization. Most of the free electrons eventually recombine and they do not contribute to the threshold voltage shift. The charge carriers providing the threshold voltage shift are the holes trapped in the gate oxide [6]. A certain number ...
IVD CLASP 010 - Science and Technology Facilities Council
IVD CLASP 010 - Science and Technology Facilities Council

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

here
here

Electromagnetic Radiation Energy and Planck` Constant
Electromagnetic Radiation Energy and Planck` Constant

... electric or magnetic multi-poles by discrete irreducible process of photon emission and absorption connected by continuous processes of propagation [8], these lead some to think that Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R) doesn’t carries energy, while others gave it some percentage [9] because photon carr ...
Year 11 Revision Plan (Triple Science)
Year 11 Revision Plan (Triple Science)

... c) Identification of an alpha particle as two neutrons and two protons, the same as a helium nucleus, a beta particle as an electron from the nucleus and gamma radiation as electromagnetic radiation. d) Nuclear equations to show single alpha and beta decay. e) ...
Quanta and Waves - Calderglen High School
Quanta and Waves - Calderglen High School

... As the temperature increases, the amount of emitted radiation increases and the peaks of the wavelength distributions shift towards higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths). The graph of specific intensity against wavelength is similar to the frequency graph but the shape is reversed. For the wavel ...
gamma - radiation connected to atmospheric precipitations.
gamma - radiation connected to atmospheric precipitations.

... for generating observable fluxes of X-rays. However, secondary cosmic ray electrons having energies of several units/tens of MeV after additional acceleration in the electric field of nimbostratus clouds are capable to generate such fluxes of X-rays. As our observations show the X-ray increase ...
Non-Ionizing Radiation - Narda Safety Test Solutions
Non-Ionizing Radiation - Narda Safety Test Solutions

... Although we have previously discussed frequency and wavelength, this section focuses on the different absorption characteristics of the human body vs. wavelength.  Three scenarios are examined: (1) where the body is less than the size of the wavelength, (2) where they are roughly equal, and (3) wher ...
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (Important formulae and Concepts)
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (Important formulae and Concepts)

soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation - Assets
soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation - Assets

... and angle. The radiation spectrum is similar to that of bending magnets, but characterized by a much larger photon flux and a shift to harder x-rays (shorter wavelengths), as seen in Figure 5.3. Historically, synchrotron radiation was first observed as energy loss in electron storage rings. Logicall ...
Chapter 9. Radiation
Chapter 9. Radiation

Chapter 30 Maxwell`s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 30 Maxwell`s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

... Remarks: The solution presented here is valid only if the displacement of the bob during the absorption of the pulse is negligible. (Otherwise, the horizontal component of the momentum of the pulse-bob system is not conserved during the collision.) We can show that the displacement during the pulse- ...
Chapter 6: The basics of chemistry and interaction of
Chapter 6: The basics of chemistry and interaction of

... proceed are called endothermic. For example, the reaction 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O is exothermic, with XXX Joules released for each mole of H2O produced; in fact an explosion or fire results when hydrogen and oxygen are mixed together and ignited. The reverse reaction, 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2, occurs only at hig ...
Experimental and computer methods for simulation of space
Experimental and computer methods for simulation of space

... radiation belts effects on spacecraft is produced. Note that acceleration of electrons and micron and submicron size hard particles is produced on electrostatic generator EG-8 (the Van de Graaff generator) also for simulation of the impact of micrometeoroids and space debris particles on spacecraft ...
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Radiation



In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: electro-magnetic radiation (also known as ""continuum radiation"") γ such as radio waves, visible light, and x-rays particle radiation such as α, β, and neutron radiation (discrete energy per particle) acoustic radiation such as ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves. (dependent on intervening mass for transmission)Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules, and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. A common source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources include X-rays from medical radiography examinations and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The lower-energy, longer-wavelength part of the spectrum including visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves is non-ionizing; its main effect when interacting with tissue is heating. This type of radiation only damages cells if the intensity is high enough to cause excessive heating. Ultraviolet radiation has some features of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. While the part of the ultraviolet spectrum that penetrates the Earth's atmosphere is non-ionizing, this radiation does far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than can be accounted for by heating effects, sunburn being a well-known example. These properties derive from ultraviolet's power to alter chemical bonds, even without having quite enough energy to ionize atoms.The word radiation arises from the phenomenon of waves radiating (i.e., traveling outward in all directions) from a source. This aspect leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are applicable to all types of radiation. Because such radiation expands as it passes through space, and as its energy is conserved (in vacuum), the intensity of all types of radiation from a point source follows an inverse-square law in relation to the distance from its source. This law does not apply close to an extended source of radiation or for focused beams.
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