insulin history
... that have been joined together in a single DNA molecule. Could this process be used to produce human insulin in bacterial cells? Could large enough quantities be produced so that it could be used to treat diabetes? Before these questions could be answered, several key developments in molecular biolo ...
... that have been joined together in a single DNA molecule. Could this process be used to produce human insulin in bacterial cells? Could large enough quantities be produced so that it could be used to treat diabetes? Before these questions could be answered, several key developments in molecular biolo ...
NMR IN DRUG DISCOVERY. FROM SCREENING TO STRUCTURE-BASED DESIGN OF
... energy is contributed by a small number of residues or otherwise named “hot spots”. These key amino acids tend to be situated at the center of binding interfaces, and are usually surrounded by a shell of residues engaged in relatively unimportant contacts. This shell of amino acids performs an impor ...
... energy is contributed by a small number of residues or otherwise named “hot spots”. These key amino acids tend to be situated at the center of binding interfaces, and are usually surrounded by a shell of residues engaged in relatively unimportant contacts. This shell of amino acids performs an impor ...
Marine Biotechnology
... because trypsin splits peptide bonds next to the carboxylic side of positively charged amino acid residues like Lys and Arg. Chymotrypsin splits peptide bonds next to the carboxylic side of aromatic amino acid residues like Phe, Trp, Tyr, and Leu. Proteins are split with only 2 enzymes and left expo ...
... because trypsin splits peptide bonds next to the carboxylic side of positively charged amino acid residues like Lys and Arg. Chymotrypsin splits peptide bonds next to the carboxylic side of aromatic amino acid residues like Phe, Trp, Tyr, and Leu. Proteins are split with only 2 enzymes and left expo ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made • Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane ...
... Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made • Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane ...
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... The two atoms of the oxygen molecule share their electrons equally. When oxygen reacts with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen. ...
... The two atoms of the oxygen molecule share their electrons equally. When oxygen reacts with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen. ...
Microbial fermentation (Enzymology,metabolic pathways and
... If the efficiency of enzymes are considered, their cost, is based on active enzyme protein u/mg protein (specific activity). The commercial exploitation of enzymes range from high-volume but low cost (industrial enzymes) to low volume, but high cost (enzymes for medical, scientific and analytica ...
... If the efficiency of enzymes are considered, their cost, is based on active enzyme protein u/mg protein (specific activity). The commercial exploitation of enzymes range from high-volume but low cost (industrial enzymes) to low volume, but high cost (enzymes for medical, scientific and analytica ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... Each oxygen atom also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the aqueous solution to form water. For every two electron carriers (four electrons), one O2 molecule is reduced to two molecules of water. The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added at a lower energy level than ...
... Each oxygen atom also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the aqueous solution to form water. For every two electron carriers (four electrons), one O2 molecule is reduced to two molecules of water. The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added at a lower energy level than ...
Cfe Higher Biology Metabolism and Survival
... The membrane has proteins dispersed and embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that vary in both structure and function. The variety of functions carried out by membrane proteins are described below. • Channel (pore) proteins - these proteins allow specific molecules and ions to pass through the membr ...
... The membrane has proteins dispersed and embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that vary in both structure and function. The variety of functions carried out by membrane proteins are described below. • Channel (pore) proteins - these proteins allow specific molecules and ions to pass through the membr ...
Unit 2 - eduBuzz.org
... Metabolism is the term used to describe the enormous number of integrated and complex biochemical reactions that occur in an organism. These reactions are ordered into pathways and controlled at each stage by an enzyme. By means of these metabolic pathways, the cell is able to transform energy, degr ...
... Metabolism is the term used to describe the enormous number of integrated and complex biochemical reactions that occur in an organism. These reactions are ordered into pathways and controlled at each stage by an enzyme. By means of these metabolic pathways, the cell is able to transform energy, degr ...
09_DetailLectOut_jkAR
... with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen. In effect, each oxygen atom has partially “gained” electrons, and so the oxygen molecule ...
... with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen. In effect, each oxygen atom has partially “gained” electrons, and so the oxygen molecule ...
Derivation and testing of pair potentials for protein folding. When is
... distance is less than a given threshold, taken to be 4.5 8, between any pair of side-chain heavy atoms. In this instance, the average number of contacts per residue ranges from about 1.5 for Gly to 6.8 for Tyr. However, the general approach can be used to derive potentials of mean force of any funct ...
... distance is less than a given threshold, taken to be 4.5 8, between any pair of side-chain heavy atoms. In this instance, the average number of contacts per residue ranges from about 1.5 for Gly to 6.8 for Tyr. However, the general approach can be used to derive potentials of mean force of any funct ...
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key
... cysteine, and to adenosine 3,5-diphosphate. The acetate unit is covalently attached to CoA through an activated thioester bond which has a high standard free energy of hydrolysis making it an ideal acyl carrier compound. As such, attachment of acetate units to the reduced form of CoA (CoA-SH) requir ...
... cysteine, and to adenosine 3,5-diphosphate. The acetate unit is covalently attached to CoA through an activated thioester bond which has a high standard free energy of hydrolysis making it an ideal acyl carrier compound. As such, attachment of acetate units to the reduced form of CoA (CoA-SH) requir ...
Structure–function relationships of the variable - IMGT
... usually achieved by comparing the sequences of the variable domains of the selected rat or murine monoclonal antibody to human sequences and 3D structures available in databases. It should be emphasized that the three humanized antibodies were designed using the Kabat system for defining the CDRs [1 ...
... usually achieved by comparing the sequences of the variable domains of the selected rat or murine monoclonal antibody to human sequences and 3D structures available in databases. It should be emphasized that the three humanized antibodies were designed using the Kabat system for defining the CDRs [1 ...
The effect of endurance-training on the maximum activities of
... effect on the a c t i v i t y of 6-phosphofructokinase in fast-oxidative or white skeletal muscle, suggesting t h a t the maximum capacity of the a n a e r o b i c process was unaffected. In the fast-oxidative skeletal muscle, the maximum activities of hexokinase, citrate synthase, and 2-oxoglutarat ...
... effect on the a c t i v i t y of 6-phosphofructokinase in fast-oxidative or white skeletal muscle, suggesting t h a t the maximum capacity of the a n a e r o b i c process was unaffected. In the fast-oxidative skeletal muscle, the maximum activities of hexokinase, citrate synthase, and 2-oxoglutarat ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... conducted a systematic evaluation of biochemical changes after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a community-based population. Metabolic profiling was performed on 377 nondiabetic Framingham Offspring cohort participants (mean age 57 years, 42% women, BMI 30 kg/m2) before and after OGTT. Chang ...
... conducted a systematic evaluation of biochemical changes after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a community-based population. Metabolic profiling was performed on 377 nondiabetic Framingham Offspring cohort participants (mean age 57 years, 42% women, BMI 30 kg/m2) before and after OGTT. Chang ...
Characterization of Rice Anthranilate Synthase
... conditions. We, therefore, concluded that the rice genome possesses only two homologous AS ␣-subunit genes, OASA1 and OASA2, which encode proteins of 577 and 606 amino acids, respectively. The amino acid sequences deduced from the OASA1 and OASA2 cDNAs were aligned with those of AS ␣-subunits of dic ...
... conditions. We, therefore, concluded that the rice genome possesses only two homologous AS ␣-subunit genes, OASA1 and OASA2, which encode proteins of 577 and 606 amino acids, respectively. The amino acid sequences deduced from the OASA1 and OASA2 cDNAs were aligned with those of AS ␣-subunits of dic ...
Development of a Silica Surface Modified with Reactive Amino
... °C to prevent their denaturation.(4) The single-stranded nucleic acids trapped at the modified silica surfaces by hydrogen bonding were further conjugated by derivatives of a fluorescent label to form complexes. We observed changes in the fluorescence intensities of these complexes originating from ...
... °C to prevent their denaturation.(4) The single-stranded nucleic acids trapped at the modified silica surfaces by hydrogen bonding were further conjugated by derivatives of a fluorescent label to form complexes. We observed changes in the fluorescence intensities of these complexes originating from ...
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.