for students of the Faculty of Medicine
... Amino acids are among the best-known components of living organisms. They are derived from organic acids, in which a hydrogen atom most often located near the α-carbon is substituted by the amino group. Some amino acids have two amino groups located at different carbon atoms, a few contain two or ev ...
... Amino acids are among the best-known components of living organisms. They are derived from organic acids, in which a hydrogen atom most often located near the α-carbon is substituted by the amino group. Some amino acids have two amino groups located at different carbon atoms, a few contain two or ev ...
Oxidation and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Soluble Enzyme Systems
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
Student notes in ppt
... metabolism, steroid and eicosanoid synthesis Bioc 460 Spring 2008 - Lecture 37 (Miesfeld) ...
... metabolism, steroid and eicosanoid synthesis Bioc 460 Spring 2008 - Lecture 37 (Miesfeld) ...
One-Pot Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Cyanohydroxymethyl r
... in the product, the excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities of the reaction, and the mild reaction conditions provided by L-proline catalysis,4 the products should be useful for the further transformations such as nucleophilic reactions on the aldehyde carbonyl to form another carbon-carbon bo ...
... in the product, the excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities of the reaction, and the mild reaction conditions provided by L-proline catalysis,4 the products should be useful for the further transformations such as nucleophilic reactions on the aldehyde carbonyl to form another carbon-carbon bo ...
- Wiley Online Library
... C MRS addresses this problem by improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by more than 10,000-fold,3 making it possible to visualize uptake of 13C labeled pyruvate in the liver and its subsequent metabolic conversion catalyzed by specific enzymes in real time.4,5 In gluconeogenesis, the conversion o ...
... C MRS addresses this problem by improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by more than 10,000-fold,3 making it possible to visualize uptake of 13C labeled pyruvate in the liver and its subsequent metabolic conversion catalyzed by specific enzymes in real time.4,5 In gluconeogenesis, the conversion o ...
Low Oxygen Response Mechanisms in Green Organisms
... order for the plant to survive the stress [25]. A recent detailed investigation of pdc1 and pdc2 mutants also indicated that PDC1 plays a predominant role in roots, while PDC2 is leaf-specific [26]. In ADH knock-out plants, a general reduction in low oxygen tolerance has been observed [20,27]. The A ...
... order for the plant to survive the stress [25]. A recent detailed investigation of pdc1 and pdc2 mutants also indicated that PDC1 plays a predominant role in roots, while PDC2 is leaf-specific [26]. In ADH knock-out plants, a general reduction in low oxygen tolerance has been observed [20,27]. The A ...
Chapter 15: Aldehyde and Ketones In this chapter, we discuss the
... Carbon-oxygen (C=O) and carbon-carbon (C=C) double bonds differ in a major way. A carbon oxygen double bond is more polar, and a carboncarbon single bond is less polar. The electronegativity (Section 5.9) of oxygen (3.5) is much greater than that of carbon (2.5). Hence the carbonoxygen double bond h ...
... Carbon-oxygen (C=O) and carbon-carbon (C=C) double bonds differ in a major way. A carbon oxygen double bond is more polar, and a carboncarbon single bond is less polar. The electronegativity (Section 5.9) of oxygen (3.5) is much greater than that of carbon (2.5). Hence the carbonoxygen double bond h ...
Malo-ethanolic fermentation in Saccharomyces and
... for yeast and fungi, i.e. those that are repressed by glucose and those that are not. In the K(+) yeasts K. lactis, C. utilis, H. anomala and C. sphaerica, the malate transport system was found to be substrateinducible and subject to glucose repression (Camarasa et al. 2001; Cássio and Leão 1993; ...
... for yeast and fungi, i.e. those that are repressed by glucose and those that are not. In the K(+) yeasts K. lactis, C. utilis, H. anomala and C. sphaerica, the malate transport system was found to be substrateinducible and subject to glucose repression (Camarasa et al. 2001; Cássio and Leão 1993; ...
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
... germicidal activity to gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus [3,4]. In addition, they have antifungal activity against Leptosphaeria maculans, which causes black root rot of canola [5]. The amino acid chain of fusaricidin is not ribosomally synthesized by encoding, as are other genera ...
... germicidal activity to gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus [3,4]. In addition, they have antifungal activity against Leptosphaeria maculans, which causes black root rot of canola [5]. The amino acid chain of fusaricidin is not ribosomally synthesized by encoding, as are other genera ...
A novel species of thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus
... 165 rRNA sequencing. In order to avoid amplifying pseudogenes (or non-functional genes) (Chaw et al., 1995), total RNA was extracted from fresh cells using the modified method of Raha et al. (1990), in which genomic DNA was removed by DNase I treatment (Boehringer Mannheim). The method of Goodman & ...
... 165 rRNA sequencing. In order to avoid amplifying pseudogenes (or non-functional genes) (Chaw et al., 1995), total RNA was extracted from fresh cells using the modified method of Raha et al. (1990), in which genomic DNA was removed by DNase I treatment (Boehringer Mannheim). The method of Goodman & ...
Detailed proteome analysis of growing cells of the planctomycete
... unknown proteins RB4405, RB4438, RB4474, RB6428, RB6430, RB8580, RB10934, RB10956, RB11176, and RB12297. Sixty percent of the 200 most abundant proteins on the master gel (contributing to 64.6% of the total spot volume) were encoded by genes that were predicted to be highly expressed (PHX) according ...
... unknown proteins RB4405, RB4438, RB4474, RB6428, RB6430, RB8580, RB10934, RB10956, RB11176, and RB12297. Sixty percent of the 200 most abundant proteins on the master gel (contributing to 64.6% of the total spot volume) were encoded by genes that were predicted to be highly expressed (PHX) according ...
11 Enzymes - School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
... into four main mechanistic classes: serine, cysteine, aspartyl and metalloproteases. In the active sites of serine and cysteine proteases, the eponymous residue is usually paired with a protonwithdrawing group to promote nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond. Aspartyl proteases and metalloprotease ...
... into four main mechanistic classes: serine, cysteine, aspartyl and metalloproteases. In the active sites of serine and cysteine proteases, the eponymous residue is usually paired with a protonwithdrawing group to promote nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond. Aspartyl proteases and metalloprotease ...
Primary production of protein: I. Comparison of net cellular carbon
... ABSTRACT: Measurements of total inorganic I4C-carbon fixation and I4C-carbon incorporation into protein were compared with calculated net synthesis of total cellular carbon and protein carbon respectively in NH:-limited continuous cultures of 4 marine phytoplankton species: the marine chlorophyte Na ...
... ABSTRACT: Measurements of total inorganic I4C-carbon fixation and I4C-carbon incorporation into protein were compared with calculated net synthesis of total cellular carbon and protein carbon respectively in NH:-limited continuous cultures of 4 marine phytoplankton species: the marine chlorophyte Na ...
Nutrition, Anabolism, and the Wound Healing Process: An Overview
... To better understand the impact or erosion of LBM and the normal or abnormal utilization of protein and fat for fuel, a general understanding of normal body composition is required19–21 (Table 1). Body composition can be divided into a fat and a fat-free component or LBM. LBM contains all of the bod ...
... To better understand the impact or erosion of LBM and the normal or abnormal utilization of protein and fat for fuel, a general understanding of normal body composition is required19–21 (Table 1). Body composition can be divided into a fat and a fat-free component or LBM. LBM contains all of the bod ...
Lecture 5 Tues 4-11-06
... a. Differ from Mt because they are surrounded by only a single membrane, do not contain DNA or ribosomes, & acquire all their proteins by selective import from the cytosol b. Post-translational mechanism of protein import like that of the nucleus Does not involve unfolding of the cargo Involves a so ...
... a. Differ from Mt because they are surrounded by only a single membrane, do not contain DNA or ribosomes, & acquire all their proteins by selective import from the cytosol b. Post-translational mechanism of protein import like that of the nucleus Does not involve unfolding of the cargo Involves a so ...
PowerPoint - Scranton Prep Biology
... Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules A compound containing carbon is said to be an organic compound ...
... Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules A compound containing carbon is said to be an organic compound ...
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation alterations in heart failure
... which is taken up the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA and NADH by the rate-limiting enzyme of glucose oxidation, PDH. Fatty acid and glucose metabolism interregulate each other, a process referred to as the Randle Cycle or the glucose/fatty acid cycle (Randle et al., 1963). Increasing fatty ...
... which is taken up the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA and NADH by the rate-limiting enzyme of glucose oxidation, PDH. Fatty acid and glucose metabolism interregulate each other, a process referred to as the Randle Cycle or the glucose/fatty acid cycle (Randle et al., 1963). Increasing fatty ...
View PDF - OMICS International
... Copyright: © 2014 Gupta AK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ...
... Copyright: © 2014 Gupta AK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ...
V6-SecondaryStructur.. - Chair of Computational Biology
... The overall content of TM proteins in genomes of different complexity is similar. However, eukaryotes have significantly more proteins with > 10 TM helices than all other species. Also, the distribution is different: eukaryotes have more 7 TM proteins (receptors) prokaryotes have more 6TM and 12TM p ...
... The overall content of TM proteins in genomes of different complexity is similar. However, eukaryotes have significantly more proteins with > 10 TM helices than all other species. Also, the distribution is different: eukaryotes have more 7 TM proteins (receptors) prokaryotes have more 6TM and 12TM p ...
Chapter 5
... What happens during the preparatory and energy-conserving stages of glycolysis? 5-11 What is the value of the pentose phosphate and EntnerDoudoroff pathways if they produce only one ATP molecule? ...
... What happens during the preparatory and energy-conserving stages of glycolysis? 5-11 What is the value of the pentose phosphate and EntnerDoudoroff pathways if they produce only one ATP molecule? ...
Received June 19, 1964.
... UMP was further converted to UTP by kinases requiring ATP (23). Amination of uridine nucleotides to form cytidine nucleoticles involved participa-tion of glutamine in mammalian cells (18, 34) and NH3 in Escherichia coli (21). Neither uracil or uridine, cytosine or cytidine, are normal intermediates ...
... UMP was further converted to UTP by kinases requiring ATP (23). Amination of uridine nucleotides to form cytidine nucleoticles involved participa-tion of glutamine in mammalian cells (18, 34) and NH3 in Escherichia coli (21). Neither uracil or uridine, cytosine or cytidine, are normal intermediates ...
Chemical Inactivation of the Cinnamate 4
... The cinnamate (CA) 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes the second step of the main phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to the synthesis of lignin, pigments, and many defense molecules. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential trigger of plant disease resistance. Some plant species can sy ...
... The cinnamate (CA) 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes the second step of the main phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to the synthesis of lignin, pigments, and many defense molecules. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential trigger of plant disease resistance. Some plant species can sy ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.