Prebiotics – the Origins of Life
... a condensation reaction (a reaction that yields water). The amine –NH2 group is a base (like an alkali) and reacts with the acidic –COOH group to neutralise it (acid + base = salt + water, but in this case the ‘salt’ is a dipeptide). The bond between the two amino acids is covalent and is called a p ...
... a condensation reaction (a reaction that yields water). The amine –NH2 group is a base (like an alkali) and reacts with the acidic –COOH group to neutralise it (acid + base = salt + water, but in this case the ‘salt’ is a dipeptide). The bond between the two amino acids is covalent and is called a p ...
Unit I - E
... Water is the solvent of life. It bathes our cells, dissolves and transports compounds in the blood, provides a medium for movement of molecules into and throughout cellular compartments, separates charged molecules, dissipates heat, and participates in chemical reactions. Most compounds in the body, ...
... Water is the solvent of life. It bathes our cells, dissolves and transports compounds in the blood, provides a medium for movement of molecules into and throughout cellular compartments, separates charged molecules, dissipates heat, and participates in chemical reactions. Most compounds in the body, ...
Microbiology bio 123
... 2. Exergonic reactions produce energy when the reaction takes place in the form of ATP. Typically occurs when molecules are broken down. Referred to as catabolism. When metabolism occurs, they are nothing more than a series of redox reaction (oxidation/reduction). The most important thing to remembe ...
... 2. Exergonic reactions produce energy when the reaction takes place in the form of ATP. Typically occurs when molecules are broken down. Referred to as catabolism. When metabolism occurs, they are nothing more than a series of redox reaction (oxidation/reduction). The most important thing to remembe ...
HEXOSE MONO PHOSPHATE SHUNT
... • Reduced glutathione, a tripeptide-thiol (γglutamylcysteinylglycine) present in most cells, can chemically detoxify hydrogen peroxide ...
... • Reduced glutathione, a tripeptide-thiol (γglutamylcysteinylglycine) present in most cells, can chemically detoxify hydrogen peroxide ...
Ch 9 Practice Q word
... Practice questions Ch 9 STUDY NOTES AND TEXTBOOK BEFORE ATTEMPTING THESE. This is NOT COMPREHENSIVE (does not contain all the information you need to study for the exam. Consult note and textbook) ...
... Practice questions Ch 9 STUDY NOTES AND TEXTBOOK BEFORE ATTEMPTING THESE. This is NOT COMPREHENSIVE (does not contain all the information you need to study for the exam. Consult note and textbook) ...
Notes: More on Nucleic Acids
... 1. Store genetic/hereditary information 2. Code to build proteins Two forms: 1. Chromatin: relaxed DNA 2. Chromosome: condensed DNA - Gene: The code to make one protein. DNA ...
... 1. Store genetic/hereditary information 2. Code to build proteins Two forms: 1. Chromatin: relaxed DNA 2. Chromosome: condensed DNA - Gene: The code to make one protein. DNA ...
Keigo Tanaka Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting
... Facultative anaerobes (yeast/bacteria) ...
... Facultative anaerobes (yeast/bacteria) ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... The Liver & Lipids • oxidize triglycerides (fatty acids) for energy • production of ketone bodies from triglycerides (FA) – exported to other cells as energy source (Acetyl CoA) ...
... The Liver & Lipids • oxidize triglycerides (fatty acids) for energy • production of ketone bodies from triglycerides (FA) – exported to other cells as energy source (Acetyl CoA) ...
Lecture 6
... Each Type of has a particular three-dimensional structure which is determined by the order of the amino acids in its side chain. The final folded structure, or conformation, adopted by any polypeptide chain is determined by energetic consideration: a protein in generally folds into the shape in whic ...
... Each Type of has a particular three-dimensional structure which is determined by the order of the amino acids in its side chain. The final folded structure, or conformation, adopted by any polypeptide chain is determined by energetic consideration: a protein in generally folds into the shape in whic ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... In wastewater treatment cells grow until the reach maximum size, and then divide into two in a process called binary fission. This process can happen every 20 to 30 minutes under optimum growth conditions. During cell growth, there are maintenance needs that the bacteria have. These maintenance need ...
... In wastewater treatment cells grow until the reach maximum size, and then divide into two in a process called binary fission. This process can happen every 20 to 30 minutes under optimum growth conditions. During cell growth, there are maintenance needs that the bacteria have. These maintenance need ...
Characteristics of life
... archaeabacteria as in eukaryotes; some prokaryotes have plasmids; DNA replication similar to eukaryoytes • No sexual reproduction; not known in archaea • Binary fission; no mitosis or meiosis ...
... archaeabacteria as in eukaryotes; some prokaryotes have plasmids; DNA replication similar to eukaryoytes • No sexual reproduction; not known in archaea • Binary fission; no mitosis or meiosis ...
CH 5
... Even a slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s conformation and ability to function. The substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells, ...
... Even a slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s conformation and ability to function. The substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells, ...
Enzyme HW
... 2. When an apple is cut open, the inside soon turns brown. This is because enzymes that are released from the cut cells react with certain molecules in the apple. Rubbing lemon juice (which contains citric acid) on the cut apple prevents it from browning. Explain why this is so. ...
... 2. When an apple is cut open, the inside soon turns brown. This is because enzymes that are released from the cut cells react with certain molecules in the apple. Rubbing lemon juice (which contains citric acid) on the cut apple prevents it from browning. Explain why this is so. ...
Worked Example 20.1
... remember that the compounds that are products in the original reaction are reactants in the reverse reaction and the compounds that are reactants in the original reaction are products in the reverse reaction. (We are assuming the reaction is directly reversible; this is not always true inside cells. ...
... remember that the compounds that are products in the original reaction are reactants in the reverse reaction and the compounds that are reactants in the original reaction are products in the reverse reaction. (We are assuming the reaction is directly reversible; this is not always true inside cells. ...
E1-3 NotesProtein Synth
... 1. Made of repeating nucleotides 2. Sugar is ribose (instead of deoxyribose) 3. No thymine in RNA 4. Instead, RNA uses uracil in place of thymine for the nitrogen base. 5. Uracil pairs with adenine B. Types of RNA 1. 3 different kinds with different functions a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – simple chain t ...
... 1. Made of repeating nucleotides 2. Sugar is ribose (instead of deoxyribose) 3. No thymine in RNA 4. Instead, RNA uses uracil in place of thymine for the nitrogen base. 5. Uracil pairs with adenine B. Types of RNA 1. 3 different kinds with different functions a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – simple chain t ...
File
... glycogen, and cellulose (not a nutrient because it is not digested, but important as dietary fiber) ...
... glycogen, and cellulose (not a nutrient because it is not digested, but important as dietary fiber) ...
bioc-2200-a-biol-2200-a-mock-final-exam
... 33. Which of the following provides the energy needed for the ATP synthesis a. electron transfer ETC b. oxidation of acetyl-CoA c. electrochemical proton gradient d. B-oxidation of fatty acids 34. What amino acid provides the most energy when degraded? a. glycine b. valine c. alanine d. isoleucine ...
... 33. Which of the following provides the energy needed for the ATP synthesis a. electron transfer ETC b. oxidation of acetyl-CoA c. electrochemical proton gradient d. B-oxidation of fatty acids 34. What amino acid provides the most energy when degraded? a. glycine b. valine c. alanine d. isoleucine ...
Cellular Respiration
... energy coupling mechanism ATP synthase: produces ATP by using the H+ gradient (proton-motive force) pumped into the inner membrane space from the electron transport chain; this enzyme harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix to phosphorylate ADP to ATP (oxidative ...
... energy coupling mechanism ATP synthase: produces ATP by using the H+ gradient (proton-motive force) pumped into the inner membrane space from the electron transport chain; this enzyme harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix to phosphorylate ADP to ATP (oxidative ...
August 31, 2016 - Iowa State University
... 1. How many amino acids are there and what are their four main groups? ...
... 1. How many amino acids are there and what are their four main groups? ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.