Origin of life on Earth Two approaches: • bottom-up
... Protected against impacts, common, thermophiles seem like simple organisms… However, complex organic chemicals are also destroyed by the high temperatures - today water cycles through such systems on a timescale of only ~10 million years Extraterrestrial Life: Spring 2008 ...
... Protected against impacts, common, thermophiles seem like simple organisms… However, complex organic chemicals are also destroyed by the high temperatures - today water cycles through such systems on a timescale of only ~10 million years Extraterrestrial Life: Spring 2008 ...
Metabolism and Bioenergetics Fuel and Digestion
... energy of the reaction • If we start with 1M reactants and products, the free energy change of that reaction is called the “standard” free energy • Go’ is a reflection of the chemical potential (stability of bonds) ...
... energy of the reaction • If we start with 1M reactants and products, the free energy change of that reaction is called the “standard” free energy • Go’ is a reflection of the chemical potential (stability of bonds) ...
File
... • Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids • Enzymes attach to substrates in order to work • Most enzymes have globular shapes with active sites – Where the substrate binds ...
... • Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids • Enzymes attach to substrates in order to work • Most enzymes have globular shapes with active sites – Where the substrate binds ...
File - Mrs. LeCompte
... dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid with the amino group of another o Gives it a repeating backbone of N-C-C-N-C-C-… ...
... dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid with the amino group of another o Gives it a repeating backbone of N-C-C-N-C-C-… ...
Cellular_Respiration2011
... Light is the ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems Chemicals cycle and Energy flows Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary reactions ...
... Light is the ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems Chemicals cycle and Energy flows Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary reactions ...
lq 17.5 Lipid composition of cell membrones
... somewhat more complicated than prokaryotes, but the chemical processescarried out by both typesof cellsare very similar,and both are exceedingly efflcient chemicalfactories.The major feature that distinguishesprokaryotes from eukaryotes is the latter's organelles("little organs")-small membrane-encl ...
... somewhat more complicated than prokaryotes, but the chemical processescarried out by both typesof cellsare very similar,and both are exceedingly efflcient chemicalfactories.The major feature that distinguishesprokaryotes from eukaryotes is the latter's organelles("little organs")-small membrane-encl ...
No Slide Title
... 1. BREATHING OR EXTERNAL RESPIRATION 2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION - Process by which organic compounds are broken down to yield energy for work • This energy molecule is _________ ...
... 1. BREATHING OR EXTERNAL RESPIRATION 2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION - Process by which organic compounds are broken down to yield energy for work • This energy molecule is _________ ...
Name 1 BIO 451 14 December, 1998 FINAL EXAM
... The ternary complex dissociates to give a binary complex and free lactate ...
... The ternary complex dissociates to give a binary complex and free lactate ...
Catalysis - University of California, Davis
... Mixing one of these solvents with aqueous solutions can decrease the solubility of proteins ...
... Mixing one of these solvents with aqueous solutions can decrease the solubility of proteins ...
... Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are defined as inherited diseases, most of which are autosomal recessive, caused by mutations that affect the structure or function of a protein, which causes disruption of a metabolic pathway, with accumulation of metabolites in tissues and biological fluids and th ...
Chapter 3 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... There are 4 types of Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates like sugar, starch, chiton, cellulose, potatoes and candy! Lipids like fat, butter, cream and olive oil (all other oils as well including motor oil) Proteins like steak, collagen (jello), hair and the machinery that runs your cellular met ...
... There are 4 types of Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates like sugar, starch, chiton, cellulose, potatoes and candy! Lipids like fat, butter, cream and olive oil (all other oils as well including motor oil) Proteins like steak, collagen (jello), hair and the machinery that runs your cellular met ...
Chapter 9: How do cells harvest energy?
... The actual yield is typically about 30 ATP per glucose. Why only ~30? Chemiosmosis doesn’t actually give round figures, and some of the energy from the proton gradient is used for other things too, like bringing pyruvate into the mitochondrion. The overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is typica ...
... The actual yield is typically about 30 ATP per glucose. Why only ~30? Chemiosmosis doesn’t actually give round figures, and some of the energy from the proton gradient is used for other things too, like bringing pyruvate into the mitochondrion. The overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is typica ...
Fate of excess amino acids Fate of amino groups
... Nitrogen metabolism • N itrogen-containing compounds are handled in pathways, separate from paths. of Carbon Skeleton • Humans can only use Nitrogen if it is in form of -NH 2 ...
... Nitrogen metabolism • N itrogen-containing compounds are handled in pathways, separate from paths. of Carbon Skeleton • Humans can only use Nitrogen if it is in form of -NH 2 ...
Lecture 1 Introduction to Bioinformatics
... RNA Genes • not all genes encode proteins • for some genes the end product is RNA – ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which includes major constituents of ribosomes – transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which carry amino acids to ribosomes – micro RNAs (miRNAs), which play an important regulatory role in various plant ...
... RNA Genes • not all genes encode proteins • for some genes the end product is RNA – ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which includes major constituents of ribosomes – transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which carry amino acids to ribosomes – micro RNAs (miRNAs), which play an important regulatory role in various plant ...
Page 1 - csfcbiology
... number of peptide bond hydrolysed = Page 12total number present / all peptide ...
... number of peptide bond hydrolysed = Page 12total number present / all peptide ...
Riveting Respiration
... then enter glycolysis 2. Proteins – Broken down into amino acids which can enter the cycle later in glycolysis or in Citric Acid cycle (not normally used – need to use amino acids to make protein) 3. Fats – Glycerol enters the cycle during glycolysis. Fatty acids are broken down into 2 Carbon fr ...
... then enter glycolysis 2. Proteins – Broken down into amino acids which can enter the cycle later in glycolysis or in Citric Acid cycle (not normally used – need to use amino acids to make protein) 3. Fats – Glycerol enters the cycle during glycolysis. Fatty acids are broken down into 2 Carbon fr ...
Free Energy and Metabolism
... between molecules within the cell • A ________________________ begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product. Each step is ____________________________________ ...
... between molecules within the cell • A ________________________ begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product. Each step is ____________________________________ ...
Intracellular Respiration
... electronegative molecules in the chain until the are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative h. for every 2 electron carriers (4e-), one O2 is reduced to 2 H2O ...
... electronegative molecules in the chain until the are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative h. for every 2 electron carriers (4e-), one O2 is reduced to 2 H2O ...
coupling membrane
... 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) 5) the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy released during electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation) There is also transamination of amino-acids to produce acetyl c ...
... 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) 5) the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy released during electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation) There is also transamination of amino-acids to produce acetyl c ...
Adenylate Energy Charge
... enzyme, using ATP to phosphorylate fructose6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6bisphosphate. Nevertheless, because PFK acts physiologically as the valve controlling the flux of carbohydrate down the catabolic pathways of cellular respiration that lead to ATP regeneration, it responds as an “R” ...
... enzyme, using ATP to phosphorylate fructose6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6bisphosphate. Nevertheless, because PFK acts physiologically as the valve controlling the flux of carbohydrate down the catabolic pathways of cellular respiration that lead to ATP regeneration, it responds as an “R” ...
Review Packet CORRECT
... Acetyl CoA enters and is combined with other molecules to create ATP, NADH, FADH2 and CO2 a. What goes into the Krebs cycle? Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FADH+, ADP + P b. What comes out of the Krebs cycle? CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, ATP c. What is another name for the Krebs cycle? Citric Acid Cycle ...
... Acetyl CoA enters and is combined with other molecules to create ATP, NADH, FADH2 and CO2 a. What goes into the Krebs cycle? Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FADH+, ADP + P b. What comes out of the Krebs cycle? CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, ATP c. What is another name for the Krebs cycle? Citric Acid Cycle ...
Chapter 11. Protein Structure and Function
... Hemoglobin and myoglobin • Hemoglobin • oxygen transport protein of red blood cells. • Myoglobin • oxygen storage protein of skeletal muscles. • As with the cytochrome example, both proteins use heme groups. It acts as the binding site for molecular oxygen. ...
... Hemoglobin and myoglobin • Hemoglobin • oxygen transport protein of red blood cells. • Myoglobin • oxygen storage protein of skeletal muscles. • As with the cytochrome example, both proteins use heme groups. It acts as the binding site for molecular oxygen. ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.