Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... • In some cells under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be reduced by NADH to form lactate and regenerate the NAD needed to sustain glycolysis. • This is called a fermentation. ...
... • In some cells under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be reduced by NADH to form lactate and regenerate the NAD needed to sustain glycolysis. • This is called a fermentation. ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Electron Transport Chain
... The release of insulin is triggered by high blood-glucose levels The mechanism for insulin action involves insulin binding to protein receptors on the outer surfaces of cells which facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells • Insulin also increases the rate of glycogenesis ...
... The release of insulin is triggered by high blood-glucose levels The mechanism for insulin action involves insulin binding to protein receptors on the outer surfaces of cells which facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells • Insulin also increases the rate of glycogenesis ...
(a) First law of thermodynamics
... • In some cells under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be reduced by NADH to form lactate and regenerate the NAD needed to sustain glycolysis. • This is called a fermentation. ...
... • In some cells under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be reduced by NADH to form lactate and regenerate the NAD needed to sustain glycolysis. • This is called a fermentation. ...
Goal 2 Double Jeopardy
... The products of this type of reaction have more energy in their bonds than in the reactants. This reaction requires an input of energy. ...
... The products of this type of reaction have more energy in their bonds than in the reactants. This reaction requires an input of energy. ...
electron transport chain
... producing hydrogen ions which are recombined with oxygen to produce water 2. Electrons produced from the split of NADH and FADH provide the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 3. One molecule of glycogen can generate up to 37-39 molecules of ATP ...
... producing hydrogen ions which are recombined with oxygen to produce water 2. Electrons produced from the split of NADH and FADH provide the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 3. One molecule of glycogen can generate up to 37-39 molecules of ATP ...
خلف زيدان قدوري .م كلية تكريت جامعة – االسنان طب
... within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms as well as some nonliving entities, including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, ...
... within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms as well as some nonliving entities, including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, ...
Exam 2 Material Outline MS Word
... 1. Enzymes enable reactions to occur faster by reducing the amount of energy required to get reactions going. 2. Enzymes bind to their substrate which makes the substrate more vulnerable to chemical alteration. 3. Each enzyme is specific to the reaction it speeds up (> 5000 enzymes exist) Ex. Lactas ...
... 1. Enzymes enable reactions to occur faster by reducing the amount of energy required to get reactions going. 2. Enzymes bind to their substrate which makes the substrate more vulnerable to chemical alteration. 3. Each enzyme is specific to the reaction it speeds up (> 5000 enzymes exist) Ex. Lactas ...
L11v01a_oxy_phos_part_1.stamped_doc
... [00:00:27.20] And finally in this video, we'll look in detail at the structure of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is the location for most of these processes, as it is the essential barrier between the inner mitochondrial matrix and the mitochondrial inter-membrance space. [00:00:46.41] Now, ...
... [00:00:27.20] And finally in this video, we'll look in detail at the structure of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is the location for most of these processes, as it is the essential barrier between the inner mitochondrial matrix and the mitochondrial inter-membrance space. [00:00:46.41] Now, ...
S1 Genetics
... Why do changes of one amino acid for another destroy the function of a protein? 1. If the protein is an enzyme, the amino acid that carries out the reaction may be changed 2. The altered amino acid may have been involved in pairing with another amino acid to maintain the shape of the protein. ...
... Why do changes of one amino acid for another destroy the function of a protein? 1. If the protein is an enzyme, the amino acid that carries out the reaction may be changed 2. The altered amino acid may have been involved in pairing with another amino acid to maintain the shape of the protein. ...
week2wkspans - Evergreen Archives
... See figure 4.18 in the text for a good explanation of the origin of double membrane bound organelles. 3. Vacuoles in plants hold waste material. Why do you think that plants tend to retain cellular wastes whereas animal cells do not? The presence of a cell wall implants limits what can be expelled o ...
... See figure 4.18 in the text for a good explanation of the origin of double membrane bound organelles. 3. Vacuoles in plants hold waste material. Why do you think that plants tend to retain cellular wastes whereas animal cells do not? The presence of a cell wall implants limits what can be expelled o ...
energy systems
... • This pathway doesn't require any oxygen to create ATP. • When is it used? supplies about 10 seconds worth of energy and is used for short bursts of exercise such as a 100 meter sprint. • It first uses up any ATP stored in the muscle (about 2-3 seconds worth) and then it uses creatine phosphate (CP ...
... • This pathway doesn't require any oxygen to create ATP. • When is it used? supplies about 10 seconds worth of energy and is used for short bursts of exercise such as a 100 meter sprint. • It first uses up any ATP stored in the muscle (about 2-3 seconds worth) and then it uses creatine phosphate (CP ...
Topic 3 MCQs revision
... The rate of reaction decreases continuously with increase in substrate concentration. ...
... The rate of reaction decreases continuously with increase in substrate concentration. ...
Dionex AminoPac Columns for the Analysis of Amino Acids
... (vis), or fluorescence detection. Therefore, the hydrolysate must be derivatized with a chromophoric or fluorometric reagent before detection. This derivatization can be performed either before chromatography (precolumn derivatization) or after chromatography (postcolumn derivatization). • Both pre ...
... (vis), or fluorescence detection. Therefore, the hydrolysate must be derivatized with a chromophoric or fluorometric reagent before detection. This derivatization can be performed either before chromatography (precolumn derivatization) or after chromatography (postcolumn derivatization). • Both pre ...
1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic
... The active site can hold 2 or more reactants in the proper position so they may react Induced fit of the active site may distort the substrate’s chemical bonds so less thermal energy is needed to break them during the ...
... The active site can hold 2 or more reactants in the proper position so they may react Induced fit of the active site may distort the substrate’s chemical bonds so less thermal energy is needed to break them during the ...
Sammons - Teaching Institute_2015
... iClicker quiz – Question 2 To which class of biological molecules does this belong? ...
... iClicker quiz – Question 2 To which class of biological molecules does this belong? ...
chapter 6 an introduction to metabolism
... then altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the pathway. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar gluco ...
... then altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the pathway. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar gluco ...
Workshop2Cellsans
... See figure 4.18 in the text for a good explanation of the origin of double membrane bound organelles. 3. Vacuoles in plants hold waste material. Why do you think that plants tend to retain cellular wastes whereas animal cells do not? The presence of a cell wall implants limits what can be expelled o ...
... See figure 4.18 in the text for a good explanation of the origin of double membrane bound organelles. 3. Vacuoles in plants hold waste material. Why do you think that plants tend to retain cellular wastes whereas animal cells do not? The presence of a cell wall implants limits what can be expelled o ...
Chapter 7: Control of Microorganisms
... • Bacterial spores are not affected by pasteurization • Filtration Traps Microorganisms • As fluid passes through a filter, organisms above a certain size threshold are trapped in the pores • Air can be filtered using a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter • Ultraviolet Light Can Be Used to ...
... • Bacterial spores are not affected by pasteurization • Filtration Traps Microorganisms • As fluid passes through a filter, organisms above a certain size threshold are trapped in the pores • Air can be filtered using a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter • Ultraviolet Light Can Be Used to ...
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules
... Fats store large amounts of energy (pp. 68-70, FIGURES 5.10-5.11) Fats, also known as triacylglycerols, are constructed by the joining of a glycerol molecule to three fatty acids by dehydration reactions. Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids (pre ...
... Fats store large amounts of energy (pp. 68-70, FIGURES 5.10-5.11) Fats, also known as triacylglycerols, are constructed by the joining of a glycerol molecule to three fatty acids by dehydration reactions. Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids (pre ...
Heine - MrZitarelli
... B. ion. C. proton. D. electron. 2. Two or more different atoms are combined in definite proportions in any A. symbol. B. isotope. C. element. D. compound. 3. Proteins are polymers formed from A. lipids. B. amino acids. C. carbohydrates. D. nucleic acids. 4. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, ...
... B. ion. C. proton. D. electron. 2. Two or more different atoms are combined in definite proportions in any A. symbol. B. isotope. C. element. D. compound. 3. Proteins are polymers formed from A. lipids. B. amino acids. C. carbohydrates. D. nucleic acids. 4. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, ...
Foundations in Microbiology
... 7) Heavy Metals – Hg, Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, As have all been used at one time or another for microbial control - Most too toxic to host!!! And can be absorbed through skin so even tough to use as disinfectants…may cause allergic reactions - broad spectrum as they bind and inactivate proteins - Mercurochro ...
... 7) Heavy Metals – Hg, Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, As have all been used at one time or another for microbial control - Most too toxic to host!!! And can be absorbed through skin so even tough to use as disinfectants…may cause allergic reactions - broad spectrum as they bind and inactivate proteins - Mercurochro ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.