Enzymes..
... E. Quantity of enzyme is not consumed during the enzymatic reaction. Find the differences between enzymes and inorganic catalysts A. High specificity B. They catalyze only energetically possible reactions C. They do not vary a reaction direction D. They accelerate reaction equilibrium beginning, but ...
... E. Quantity of enzyme is not consumed during the enzymatic reaction. Find the differences between enzymes and inorganic catalysts A. High specificity B. They catalyze only energetically possible reactions C. They do not vary a reaction direction D. They accelerate reaction equilibrium beginning, but ...
Ch7 Enzymes II: Coenzymes, Regulation, Abzymes, and Ribozymes
... – Is cleaved at one or a few specific peptide bonds to produce the active form of the enzyme. ...
... – Is cleaved at one or a few specific peptide bonds to produce the active form of the enzyme. ...
Lecture 9 RNA world and emegence of complexity
... water containing organic compounds liquid water in trap ...
... water containing organic compounds liquid water in trap ...
Mutants affecting the nucleoside metabolism Lack
... Mutants affecting the nucleoside metabolism Lack of the plasma membrane located equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (AtENT3) and the extracellular nucleoside hydrolase 3 (AtNSH3) results in a disturbed extracellular nucleoside metabolism. This assumption is strengthened by growth experiments usin ...
... Mutants affecting the nucleoside metabolism Lack of the plasma membrane located equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (AtENT3) and the extracellular nucleoside hydrolase 3 (AtNSH3) results in a disturbed extracellular nucleoside metabolism. This assumption is strengthened by growth experiments usin ...
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes
... 61) Which of the following statements is true? A) Ribosomes are composed of protein and lipid. B) The compositions of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical due to the free movement of molecules across the cell membrane. C) The Golgi apparatus contains the enzyme catalase to b ...
... 61) Which of the following statements is true? A) Ribosomes are composed of protein and lipid. B) The compositions of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical due to the free movement of molecules across the cell membrane. C) The Golgi apparatus contains the enzyme catalase to b ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Stages of Metabolism Catabolic reactions are organized as Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. Stage 2: Degradation breaks down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds. Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid ...
... Stages of Metabolism Catabolic reactions are organized as Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. Stage 2: Degradation breaks down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds. Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid ...
Glucose homeostasis in the blood (2) – un-storing energy
... Gluconeogenesis makes glucose by starting with an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and undergoing several reactions to yield glucose. Another way to think of gluconeogenesis is as the reverse of glycolysis. The two carbons in acetyl CoA can be added to other intermediates in the citric acid cyc ...
... Gluconeogenesis makes glucose by starting with an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and undergoing several reactions to yield glucose. Another way to think of gluconeogenesis is as the reverse of glycolysis. The two carbons in acetyl CoA can be added to other intermediates in the citric acid cyc ...
03_Physical-chemical properties of proteins
... acids on the basis of differences in absorption, ionic charges, size and solubility of molecules Electrophoresis – effects separation in an electric field on the basis of differences in charges carried by amino acids and proteins under specific condition Ultracentrifugation – effects separation on t ...
... acids on the basis of differences in absorption, ionic charges, size and solubility of molecules Electrophoresis – effects separation in an electric field on the basis of differences in charges carried by amino acids and proteins under specific condition Ultracentrifugation – effects separation on t ...
The Basics: A general review of molecular biology: DNA
... 3. Zn Finger proteins bind DNA. How might the arginine side chain in the model be involved in DNA binding? 4. How close is your model of the Zn finger to the model ...
... 3. Zn Finger proteins bind DNA. How might the arginine side chain in the model be involved in DNA binding? 4. How close is your model of the Zn finger to the model ...
Notes without questions
... All cells from previous cells (no cells are created from scratch) Why called a theory versus a law? ...
... All cells from previous cells (no cells are created from scratch) Why called a theory versus a law? ...
1 Pyruvate and acetate metabolism (The citric acid cycle) I. Pyruvate
... pyruvate, a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (containing 2 pairs of electrons removed from glucose) would be produced. This is indeed the end of the line for glucose metabolism in the cytoplasm, but another phase of processing awaits pyruvate in the mitochondria. Two C-C bonds remain to be broken to form 3 ...
... pyruvate, a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (containing 2 pairs of electrons removed from glucose) would be produced. This is indeed the end of the line for glucose metabolism in the cytoplasm, but another phase of processing awaits pyruvate in the mitochondria. Two C-C bonds remain to be broken to form 3 ...
LS1a Fall 09
... All naturally occurring amino acids have the same basic structure. They consist of a central carbon atom – the alpha () carbon atom – connected to three different groups: an amine (or amino) group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain. Different amino acids differ only in having different side ...
... All naturally occurring amino acids have the same basic structure. They consist of a central carbon atom – the alpha () carbon atom – connected to three different groups: an amine (or amino) group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain. Different amino acids differ only in having different side ...
... Choice B: In anaerobic metabolism, lactate is generated from _____________________ in the muscles to regenerate ___________________ for use in _____________________ (name of a metabolic pathway). The lactate is usually converted to glucose in the __________________ (organ). Choice C: In the reaction ...
Chapter 9 outline
... During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
CHAPTER 6
... • Franz Knoop showed that fatty acids must be degraded by removal of 2-C units (acetate) • Albert Lehninger showed that this occurred in the mitochondria • F. Lynen and E. Reichart showed that the 2-C unit released is acetyl-CoA, not free acetate • The process begins with oxidation of the carbon tha ...
... • Franz Knoop showed that fatty acids must be degraded by removal of 2-C units (acetate) • Albert Lehninger showed that this occurred in the mitochondria • F. Lynen and E. Reichart showed that the 2-C unit released is acetyl-CoA, not free acetate • The process begins with oxidation of the carbon tha ...
Functional Groups and Chemical Families
... Rigorously speaking the functional group is not the whole molecule but only that collection of atoms that provides a specific chemical function. For example, the chemical family of alcohols is characterized by the function of the hydroxyl (OH) group, and aldehydes, ketones are characterized by carbo ...
... Rigorously speaking the functional group is not the whole molecule but only that collection of atoms that provides a specific chemical function. For example, the chemical family of alcohols is characterized by the function of the hydroxyl (OH) group, and aldehydes, ketones are characterized by carbo ...
Gluconeogensis
... glucose Glucogenic = amino acids that can be converted into glucose (most AA’s) Ketogenic = amino acids that can only be converted into ketone (Lysine & Leucine) Citric Acid Cylce Diagram (S35) Why can’t you convert fatty acids to glucose? i. Acety-CoA has 2 carbons that come in and 2 that go out so ...
... glucose Glucogenic = amino acids that can be converted into glucose (most AA’s) Ketogenic = amino acids that can only be converted into ketone (Lysine & Leucine) Citric Acid Cylce Diagram (S35) Why can’t you convert fatty acids to glucose? i. Acety-CoA has 2 carbons that come in and 2 that go out so ...
Chapter 1 Notes
... NAD+ is transformed to NADH - NADH will later be tapped to make ATP as the electrons continue their fall from NADH to oxygen Respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive rxn. ...
... NAD+ is transformed to NADH - NADH will later be tapped to make ATP as the electrons continue their fall from NADH to oxygen Respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive rxn. ...
Chapter 1 Notes
... NAD+ is transformed to NADH - NADH will later be tapped to make ATP as the electrons continue their fall from NADH to oxygen Respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive rxn. ...
... NAD+ is transformed to NADH - NADH will later be tapped to make ATP as the electrons continue their fall from NADH to oxygen Respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive rxn. ...
Biology Warm-Ups - Lemon Bay High School
... amino acids held together by peptide bonds? PROTEINS • Which class of macromolecule is used as a rapidly available energy source? CARBOHYDRATE • What is the role of the following nucleic acids in living things? – DNA : Carry info for making proteins – RNA : change genetic code from DNA to protein – ...
... amino acids held together by peptide bonds? PROTEINS • Which class of macromolecule is used as a rapidly available energy source? CARBOHYDRATE • What is the role of the following nucleic acids in living things? – DNA : Carry info for making proteins – RNA : change genetic code from DNA to protein – ...
to an allosteric site
... active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme molecule. • Causes enzyme to change its shape so the active site cannot bind substrate. • May act as metabolic poisons (e.g., DDT, many antibiotics). • Selective enzyme inhibition is an essential mechanism in the cell for regulating metabolic react ...
... active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme molecule. • Causes enzyme to change its shape so the active site cannot bind substrate. • May act as metabolic poisons (e.g., DDT, many antibiotics). • Selective enzyme inhibition is an essential mechanism in the cell for regulating metabolic react ...
No Slide Title
... • The flow of compounds through the urea cycle also depends on the concentrations of cycle intermediates. • Several reactions convert amino acids into urea cycle ...
... • The flow of compounds through the urea cycle also depends on the concentrations of cycle intermediates. • Several reactions convert amino acids into urea cycle ...
Chapter 10 Keywords/Objectives
... 12. List the components of a photosystem and explain the function of each component. 13. Trace the movement of electrons in noncyclic electron flow. Trace the movement of electrons in cyclic electron flow. 14. Explain the functions of cyclic and noncyclic electron flow. 15. Describe the similarities ...
... 12. List the components of a photosystem and explain the function of each component. 13. Trace the movement of electrons in noncyclic electron flow. Trace the movement of electrons in cyclic electron flow. 14. Explain the functions of cyclic and noncyclic electron flow. 15. Describe the similarities ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.