Structures and functions of bacteria
... reduction by enzymes in the cell such as flavoprotein , to hydrogen peroxide and even more toxic free radical superoxide. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide can cause damage of DNA. Aerobes are protected from these products by produce catalase and superoxide dismutase. They require two enzymes to u ...
... reduction by enzymes in the cell such as flavoprotein , to hydrogen peroxide and even more toxic free radical superoxide. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide can cause damage of DNA. Aerobes are protected from these products by produce catalase and superoxide dismutase. They require two enzymes to u ...
Lectrure 9 - Columbus Labs
... • The complex amino acid mixture in the hydrolysate obtained after digestion of a protein in 6 N HCl can be separated into the component amino acids by either ion exchange chromatography (separation by charge) or reverse-phase chromatography (separation by polarity) • Both of these methods of separa ...
... • The complex amino acid mixture in the hydrolysate obtained after digestion of a protein in 6 N HCl can be separated into the component amino acids by either ion exchange chromatography (separation by charge) or reverse-phase chromatography (separation by polarity) • Both of these methods of separa ...
Molecules of Life
... electrically neutral. In molecules, atoms share their electrons to form chemical bonds. The shared electrons move around both nuclei to maintain the bond. Often the electrons are shared equally, maintaining electrical neutrality over the whole molecule. However, some nuclei attract electrons more st ...
... electrically neutral. In molecules, atoms share their electrons to form chemical bonds. The shared electrons move around both nuclei to maintain the bond. Often the electrons are shared equally, maintaining electrical neutrality over the whole molecule. However, some nuclei attract electrons more st ...
The Name Game - UCSD Course Websites
... You might wonder why the glycerol compound with a single –PO43- group is not called glycerol-1-phosphate, to keep the numbers low. This metabolite has the phosphate numbered as 3 because only one of two possible stereoisomers of glycerol phosphate are made in the cell. Still, I hope you can draw the ...
... You might wonder why the glycerol compound with a single –PO43- group is not called glycerol-1-phosphate, to keep the numbers low. This metabolite has the phosphate numbered as 3 because only one of two possible stereoisomers of glycerol phosphate are made in the cell. Still, I hope you can draw the ...
boulder conference - Thinking Like A Biologist
... answer to a problem posed at one level is actually due to processes occurring at another level. For example, weight loss in animals and plants (an organismal issue) is explained by the cellular process of respiration. We have chosen these four practices as the focus for the content framework because ...
... answer to a problem posed at one level is actually due to processes occurring at another level. For example, weight loss in animals and plants (an organismal issue) is explained by the cellular process of respiration. We have chosen these four practices as the focus for the content framework because ...
BI0 120 cell and tissues
... B. The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy. C. The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria and other cells. D. The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process. E. ATP synthesis associ ...
... B. The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy. C. The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria and other cells. D. The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process. E. ATP synthesis associ ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
ATP - Luzzago
... The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating , for every turn: 1 ATP ...
... The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating , for every turn: 1 ATP ...
Rest to Exercise Transition
... – Ranges between 2 and 3 L VO2 – 5 to 6 L VO2 in trained athletes – Ranges from 2 to 6 minutes ...
... – Ranges between 2 and 3 L VO2 – 5 to 6 L VO2 in trained athletes – Ranges from 2 to 6 minutes ...
From DNA to Protein: Transcription and Translation
... Every 3 nucleotides in a mRNA strand that encodes one amino acid in the protein is called a codon. ...
... Every 3 nucleotides in a mRNA strand that encodes one amino acid in the protein is called a codon. ...
Chapter 13 (part 1) - University of Nevada, Reno
... – Energetics must change to make gluconeogenesis favorable (delta G of glycolysis = -74 kJ/mol – Reciprocal regulation must turn one on and the other off - this requires something new! ...
... – Energetics must change to make gluconeogenesis favorable (delta G of glycolysis = -74 kJ/mol – Reciprocal regulation must turn one on and the other off - this requires something new! ...
1 A
... Table: (i) a decrease in the redox potential means stabilisation of the FeIII state as compared to FeII. That is, in the presence of hydroxide, cyanide, or oxalate ions FeII can be oxidised to FeIII or FeIII can hardly be reduced to FeII. In basic solution weak oxidising agents, like molecular oxyge ...
... Table: (i) a decrease in the redox potential means stabilisation of the FeIII state as compared to FeII. That is, in the presence of hydroxide, cyanide, or oxalate ions FeII can be oxidised to FeIII or FeIII can hardly be reduced to FeII. In basic solution weak oxidising agents, like molecular oxyge ...
DNA to Protein Synthesis Internet Quest
... 8. What happens to the mRNA molecule when protein production is complete? ...
... 8. What happens to the mRNA molecule when protein production is complete? ...
Metabolism, Lectures 25-27 Quadrant – 2 - vtu-nptel
... c) the degradation of organic molecules with the released energy stored in ATP d) anaerobic respiration 4. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be a) created b) destroyed c) converted d) all of the above 5. The universal energy currency for all cells is a) ATP b) NAD+ c) ADP d) O 2 ...
... c) the degradation of organic molecules with the released energy stored in ATP d) anaerobic respiration 4. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be a) created b) destroyed c) converted d) all of the above 5. The universal energy currency for all cells is a) ATP b) NAD+ c) ADP d) O 2 ...
The Origin of Life - Frederick H. Willeboordse
... increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated. (Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) ...
... increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated. (Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) ...
Environmental Microbiology – Seminar 31.10
... 1) What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? Explain the mechanism and give examples. In fermentation, energy is gained via substrate level phosphorylation. E.g, Phosphoenolpyruvate reacts with ADP and Pi to Pyruvate and ATP. 2) What happens if there is no O2 in the body? ...
... 1) What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? Explain the mechanism and give examples. In fermentation, energy is gained via substrate level phosphorylation. E.g, Phosphoenolpyruvate reacts with ADP and Pi to Pyruvate and ATP. 2) What happens if there is no O2 in the body? ...
Teacher Instructions Lesson 4
... Another option would be to have more advanced students create these tools as part of an extension or enrichment activity. The instructions for these stamps are explained in detail in Lesson 1. All 20 amino acids could be be made into stamps, or another option is to make only the amino acids coding f ...
... Another option would be to have more advanced students create these tools as part of an extension or enrichment activity. The instructions for these stamps are explained in detail in Lesson 1. All 20 amino acids could be be made into stamps, or another option is to make only the amino acids coding f ...
NCEA Level 2 Biology (91159) 2012 Assessment Schedule
... A metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates: The reactants (or substrates) of one reaction are the products of the previous one, and so on. Because there are a series of biochemical reactions, each one usually controlled by an enzyme, there are ...
... A metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates: The reactants (or substrates) of one reaction are the products of the previous one, and so on. Because there are a series of biochemical reactions, each one usually controlled by an enzyme, there are ...
Ch.5-Cellular Respiration
... 1. H+ ions accumulate in intermembrane space create an electrochemical gradient that stores E 2. Higher positive charge in intermembrane space than ...
... 1. H+ ions accumulate in intermembrane space create an electrochemical gradient that stores E 2. Higher positive charge in intermembrane space than ...
Exam 3 Stats
... Functions of Proteins: Examples Proteins have many diverse functions; they are the most functionally diverse type of macromolecules 1. Structural support (e.g. silk of spider webs) 2. Storage of energy & nitrogen (e.g. egg albumin) 3. Transport of substances within organisms (e.g. hemoglobin) or ac ...
... Functions of Proteins: Examples Proteins have many diverse functions; they are the most functionally diverse type of macromolecules 1. Structural support (e.g. silk of spider webs) 2. Storage of energy & nitrogen (e.g. egg albumin) 3. Transport of substances within organisms (e.g. hemoglobin) or ac ...
(a) Name the monosaccharides of which the
... The diagram shows one method by which amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood. They are co-transported into the epithelial cell with sodium ions (Na+) at point X on the diagram. Normally, the concentration of sodium ions inside the epithelial cell is ...
... The diagram shows one method by which amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood. They are co-transported into the epithelial cell with sodium ions (Na+) at point X on the diagram. Normally, the concentration of sodium ions inside the epithelial cell is ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.