E. coli
... • The size of a bacterial cell is around 1 µm with a weight of 1 pg. • The interior of the cell is a viscous solution crowded with several molecular species • The cells are mostly composed of water and macromolecules with simple metabolites forming only a small fraction. • Typical concentrations of ...
... • The size of a bacterial cell is around 1 µm with a weight of 1 pg. • The interior of the cell is a viscous solution crowded with several molecular species • The cells are mostly composed of water and macromolecules with simple metabolites forming only a small fraction. • Typical concentrations of ...
Recitation 2 - MIT OpenCourseWare
... Biological macromolecules- Lipids and Carbohydrates: All the cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have biological polymers or macromolecules. They are composed of the same major classes of macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins. Lipids or fats are predominately hydroc ...
... Biological macromolecules- Lipids and Carbohydrates: All the cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have biological polymers or macromolecules. They are composed of the same major classes of macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins. Lipids or fats are predominately hydroc ...
Amino Acids And Central Fatigue.
... There is an increasing interest in the mechanisms behind central fatigue, particularly in relation to changes in brain monoamine metabolism and the influence of specific amino acids on fatigue. Several studies in experimental animals have shown that physical exercise increases the synthesis and meta ...
... There is an increasing interest in the mechanisms behind central fatigue, particularly in relation to changes in brain monoamine metabolism and the influence of specific amino acids on fatigue. Several studies in experimental animals have shown that physical exercise increases the synthesis and meta ...
Module 6 – Microbial Metabolism
... more energy than NAD+. This energy can be used to generate ATP in later reactions. Cells use oxidation- reduction (biological) reactions in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules. Ex. Cell oxidizes a molecule of glucose to Co2 and H2O. The energy in the glucose molecule is removed in s ...
... more energy than NAD+. This energy can be used to generate ATP in later reactions. Cells use oxidation- reduction (biological) reactions in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules. Ex. Cell oxidizes a molecule of glucose to Co2 and H2O. The energy in the glucose molecule is removed in s ...
Cellular Respiration
... – 2nd: phosphorylated glucose broken down into two C3 sugar phosphates – 3rd: the sugar phosphates are oxidized to yield electrons and H+ ions which are donated to 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH (stored electron and hydrogen for the Electron Transport Chain) – 4th: The energy from oxidation is used to make 4 ATP m ...
... – 2nd: phosphorylated glucose broken down into two C3 sugar phosphates – 3rd: the sugar phosphates are oxidized to yield electrons and H+ ions which are donated to 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH (stored electron and hydrogen for the Electron Transport Chain) – 4th: The energy from oxidation is used to make 4 ATP m ...
lactic acid
... Biochemistry of the Fermentation Process The bacteriocins produced by LAB are antimicrobial peptides ...
... Biochemistry of the Fermentation Process The bacteriocins produced by LAB are antimicrobial peptides ...
Chapter 8 - Slothnet
... reactions is very common in metabolism. Hydrolysis of ATP releases free energy to drive an endergonic reaction. ...
... reactions is very common in metabolism. Hydrolysis of ATP releases free energy to drive an endergonic reaction. ...
Chapter 2 – The Molecules of Cells
... Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen ...
... Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen ...
1) (1) If Cedric wanted to purify a native protein that was fusing to a
... a) gel-filtration chromatography b) reversed-phase HPLC c) affinity chromatography d) anion-exchange chromatography e) cation-exchange chromatography 2) (1) In comparing the behavior of a 10,000 and 30,000 molecular weight protein using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- ...
... a) gel-filtration chromatography b) reversed-phase HPLC c) affinity chromatography d) anion-exchange chromatography e) cation-exchange chromatography 2) (1) In comparing the behavior of a 10,000 and 30,000 molecular weight protein using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- ...
UNIT 5 I. Energy and the Cell Module 5.1 Energy is the capacity to
... III. Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis Module 6.14 Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. A. Free glucose is not the most common source of fuel in most animal diets, including the human diet. Each of the basic food types can be used as a ...
... III. Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis Module 6.14 Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. A. Free glucose is not the most common source of fuel in most animal diets, including the human diet. Each of the basic food types can be used as a ...
Document
... Isoflavone differs from flavone (2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyr-4-one) in location of the phenyl group. Isoflavones are produced via a branch of the general phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoid compounds in higher plants. Soybeans are the most common source of isoflavones in human food; the majo ...
... Isoflavone differs from flavone (2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyr-4-one) in location of the phenyl group. Isoflavones are produced via a branch of the general phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoid compounds in higher plants. Soybeans are the most common source of isoflavones in human food; the majo ...
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
... mitochondrial membrane must be physically intact so that protons can only reenter the mitochondrion by a process coupled to ATP synthesis. Second, a high concentration of protons must be developed on the outside of the inner membrane. The 2 electrons from NADH generate a 6-proton gradient. The energ ...
... mitochondrial membrane must be physically intact so that protons can only reenter the mitochondrion by a process coupled to ATP synthesis. Second, a high concentration of protons must be developed on the outside of the inner membrane. The 2 electrons from NADH generate a 6-proton gradient. The energ ...
Role of N-terminal protein formylation in central metabolic processes
... affected by the lack of formylation in Δfmt. Of note, Δfmt released more of the central metabolic intermediate pyruvate to the growth medium than the wild type in the stationary phase suggesting that the metabolism of pyruvate was perturbed in the absence of protein formylation. Pyruvate and acetyl ...
... affected by the lack of formylation in Δfmt. Of note, Δfmt released more of the central metabolic intermediate pyruvate to the growth medium than the wild type in the stationary phase suggesting that the metabolism of pyruvate was perturbed in the absence of protein formylation. Pyruvate and acetyl ...
Food Fermentation
... Food Fermentations – Definitions • Anaerobic breakdown of an organic substrate by an enzyme system in which the final hydrogen acceptor is an organic compound – Example: ...
... Food Fermentations – Definitions • Anaerobic breakdown of an organic substrate by an enzyme system in which the final hydrogen acceptor is an organic compound – Example: ...
Translation
... 1. Use Figure 22.3 to determine which template strand DNA sequence (written in the 5' → 3' direc on) specifies the tripeptide with the sequence gly‐ala‐leu. A) GGGGCTCTC B) CTCTCGGGG C) CCCCGAGAG D) GAGAGCCCC 2. Which is not true about the genetic code? A) Some amino acids share the same codon ...
... 1. Use Figure 22.3 to determine which template strand DNA sequence (written in the 5' → 3' direc on) specifies the tripeptide with the sequence gly‐ala‐leu. A) GGGGCTCTC B) CTCTCGGGG C) CCCCGAGAG D) GAGAGCCCC 2. Which is not true about the genetic code? A) Some amino acids share the same codon ...
Chapter 7
... Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 molecules of the more reactive, higher energy PGAL 2 ATP ...
... Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 molecules of the more reactive, higher energy PGAL 2 ATP ...
Chapter 15
... Galactosemia is a disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose. A small amount of galactose is present in many foods. It is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas. The signs and symptoms of galacto ...
... Galactosemia is a disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose. A small amount of galactose is present in many foods. It is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas. The signs and symptoms of galacto ...
AP Biology
... Hint: review the concept check questions – these are great quick quiz questions! 1. Define the two catabolic pathways: a. Fermentation b. Cellular respiration 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 3. Why is bein ...
... Hint: review the concept check questions – these are great quick quiz questions! 1. Define the two catabolic pathways: a. Fermentation b. Cellular respiration 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 3. Why is bein ...
Taxonomy of Life • Three domains: Eukaryotes, Bacteria (Eubacteria
... membrane, which is a lipid bilayer. Beyond the cell membrane may be a cell wall (present in most bacteria and plant cells but not animal cells). The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and small molecules, and can actively transport such molecules into and out of the interior of the cell. ...
... membrane, which is a lipid bilayer. Beyond the cell membrane may be a cell wall (present in most bacteria and plant cells but not animal cells). The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and small molecules, and can actively transport such molecules into and out of the interior of the cell. ...
GeneCensus - Gerstein Lab Publications
... mode consists of a minimal set of enzymes that could operate at steady state with all irreversible reactions proceeding in the appropriate direction and further reduced to omit extraneous metabolites not necessary for the net reaction (25). One should note that there is more than one elementary mode ...
... mode consists of a minimal set of enzymes that could operate at steady state with all irreversible reactions proceeding in the appropriate direction and further reduced to omit extraneous metabolites not necessary for the net reaction (25). One should note that there is more than one elementary mode ...
amino acids
... • Because a molecule of water (Mr 18) is removed to create each peptide bond, the average molecular weight of an amino acid residue in a protein is about 128 -18 = 110. ...
... • Because a molecule of water (Mr 18) is removed to create each peptide bond, the average molecular weight of an amino acid residue in a protein is about 128 -18 = 110. ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.